markers

Lightweight class introspection toolkit for Python. Define typed markers, annotate fields and methods, collect metadata via MRO-walking descriptors.

Why markers?

Python's Annotated type lets you attach metadata to fields, but there's no standard way to:

• Define what that metadata looks like (with validation)
• Collect it from a class and its entire MRO
• Query it with a consistent API across fields and methods
• Aggregate it across a family of related classes

markers solves all four. You define markers as classes (with optional pydantic schemas), attach them via Annotated or as decorators, and query everything through descriptors that walk the MRO and cache results automatically.

# Without markers — manual, fragile, no validation
class User:
    name: Annotated[str, {"required": True, "max_length": 100}]  # just a dict, no validation
    email: Annotated[str, {"required": True}]

# With markers — typed, validated, queryable
class User(Validation.mixin):
    name: Annotated[str, Validation.Required(), Validation.MaxLen(limit=100)]
    email: Annotated[str, Validation.Required()]

User.required        # {'name': MemberInfo(...), 'email': MemberInfo(...)}
User.fields["name"].get("max_length").limit  # 100 — typed, validated access

Install

pip install code-is-magic-markers

Requires Python 3.10+ and pydantic 2.0+.

Quick start

from typing import Annotated
from markers import Marker, MarkerGroup, Registry

# 1. Define markers — the class body IS the pydantic schema
class Required(Marker): pass

class MaxLen(Marker):
    mark = "max_length"
    limit: int

class Searchable(Marker):
    boost: float = 1.0
    analyzer: str = "standard"

class OnSave(Marker):
    mark = "on_save"
    priority: int = 0


# 2. Bundle into groups
class Validation(MarkerGroup):
    Required = Required
    MaxLen = MaxLen

class Lifecycle(MarkerGroup):
    OnSave = OnSave


# 3. Annotate your classes
class User(Validation.mixin, Lifecycle.mixin):
    name: Annotated[str, Validation.Required(), Validation.MaxLen(limit=100)]
    email: Annotated[str, Validation.Required()]
    bio: Annotated[str, Searchable()] = ""

    @Lifecycle.OnSave(priority=10)
    def validate(self) -> list[str]:
        errors = []
        for name, info in type(self).required.items():
            if info.is_field and not getattr(self, name, None):
                errors.append(f"{name} is required")
        return errors


# 4. Query metadata — same dict[str, MemberInfo] everywhere
User.fields          # all fields
User.methods         # all methods
User.members         # both
User.required        # only members marked 'required'
User.on_save         # only members marked 'on_save'

# Introspect individual members
User.fields["name"].get("max_length").limit  # 100
User.methods["validate"].get("on_save").priority  # 10

Core concepts

Marker

Subclass Marker to define a marker. The class body is the pydantic schema — typed fields become validated parameters.

class ForeignKey(Marker):
    mark = "foreign_key"  # explicit name (default: lowercased class name)
    table: str            # required parameter
    column: str = "id"    # optional with default
    on_delete: str = "CASCADE"

Calling a marker creates a MarkerInstance with validated parameters:

ForeignKey(table="users")                    # ok
ForeignKey(table="users", column="user_id")  # ok — override default
ForeignKey()                                 # ValidationError — 'table' is required
ForeignKey(table="users", extra=True)        # ValidationError — unknown field

Schema-less markers accept no parameters:

class Required(Marker): pass

Required()        # ok — empty MarkerInstance
Required(x=1)     # TypeError — no parameters accepted

Using markers — they work as both Annotated[] metadata and method decorators:

# As field annotation
author_id: Annotated[int, ForeignKey(table="users")]

# As method decorator
@OnSave(priority=10)
def validate(self): ...

Multiple decorators stack naturally:

@OnSave(priority=10)
@Audited()
def save(self): ...

Marker names default to the lowercased class name. Set mark to override:

class PK(Marker):
    mark = "primary_key"  # queried as .primary_key, not .pk
    auto_increment: bool = True

Intermediate bases share schema fields across related markers:

class LifecycleMarker(Marker):
    priority: int = 0

class OnSave(LifecycleMarker):
    mark = "on_save"

class OnDelete(LifecycleMarker):
    mark = "on_delete"

# Both have 'priority' with default 0
OnSave()              # priority=0
OnSave(priority=10)   # priority=10
OnDelete(priority=5)  # priority=5

MarkerGroup

Bundle related markers and produce a .mixin for your model classes. This is how marker descriptors get onto classes.

class DB(MarkerGroup):
    PrimaryKey = PrimaryKey
    Indexed = Indexed
    ForeignKey = ForeignKey

class User(DB.mixin):
    id: Annotated[int, DB.PrimaryKey()]
    email: Annotated[str, DB.Indexed(unique=True)]

User.primary_key  # {'id': MemberInfo(...)}
User.indexed      # {'email': MemberInfo(...)}
User.fields       # all fields (always available via BaseMixin)

The .mixin automatically provides:

• A marker descriptor for each marker (e.g. .primary_key, .indexed) — returns dict[str, MemberInfo] of members carrying that marker
• .fields, .methods, .members from BaseMixin — always available

Composing groups — groups inherit from other groups:

class FullDB(DB):
    Unique = Unique
    Check = Check
# FullDB.mixin has all of DB's descriptors plus 'unique' and 'check'

Multiple group mixins on one class:

class User(DB.mixin, Validation.mixin, Search.mixin, Lifecycle.mixin):
    id: Annotated[int, DB.PrimaryKey()]
    name: Annotated[str, Validation.Required(), Search.Searchable(boost=2.0)]
    email: Annotated[str, Validation.Required(), DB.Indexed(unique=True)]

    @Lifecycle.OnSave(priority=10)
    def validate(self): ...

# All descriptors available
User.primary_key    # from DB
User.required       # from Validation
User.searchable     # from Search
User.on_save        # from Lifecycle
User.fields         # all fields (always)
User.methods        # all methods (always)

Reusable mixins

Factor out common field patterns into plain mixins and compose them:

class TimestampMixin:
    created_at: Annotated[str, DB.Indexed()]
    updated_at: Annotated[str, DB.Indexed()]

class SoftDeleteMixin:
    deleted_at: Annotated[str | None, DB.Indexed()] = None
    is_deleted: Annotated[bool, Search.Filterable()] = False

class User(TimestampMixin, SoftDeleteMixin, DB.mixin, Search.mixin):
    id: Annotated[int, DB.PrimaryKey()]
    name: str

# Fields from all mixins are collected via MRO
User.fields  # id, name, created_at, updated_at, deleted_at, is_deleted
User.indexed  # created_at, updated_at, deleted_at

Registry

Track subclasses and query metadata across all of them:

class Entity(DB.mixin, Validation.mixin, Registry):
    id: Annotated[int, DB.PrimaryKey()]

class User(Entity):
    name: Annotated[str, Validation.Required()]

class Post(Entity):
    title: Annotated[str, Validation.Required()]

List subclasses:

Entity.subclasses()  # [User, Post]

Per-class access works the same as always:

User.required  # {'name': MemberInfo(...)}
Post.required  # {'title': MemberInfo(...)}

Cross-class access via .all gathers into dict[str, list[MemberInfo]]:

Entity.all.required
# {'name': [MemberInfo(owner=User)], 'title': [MemberInfo(owner=Post)]}

Entity.all.fields
# {'id': [MemberInfo(owner=User), MemberInfo(owner=Post)],
#  'name': [MemberInfo(owner=User)],
#  'title': [MemberInfo(owner=Post)]}

Each MemberInfo in the list has .owner so you know which class it came from.

Iterate subclasses with the same per-class API:

for cls in Entity.subclasses():
    print(cls.__name__, list(cls.required.keys()))
# User ['name']
# Post ['title']

MemberInfo

Every collected member (field or method) is a MemberInfo with a consistent API:

info = User.fields["name"]

Attribute / Method	Type	Description
info.name	str	Member name
info.kind	MemberKind	MemberKind.FIELD or MemberKind.METHOD
info.type	type | None	The base type (unwrapped from Annotated). None for methods.
info.owner	type | None	The class that defined this member
info.default	Any	Default value, or MISSING if none
info.has_default	bool	True if a default value exists
info.is_field	bool	True if kind == FIELD
info.is_method	bool	True if kind == METHOD
info.markers	list[MarkerInstance]	All markers attached to this member
info.has(name)	bool	Check if a marker is present
info.get(name)	MarkerInstance | None	Get first matching marker
info.get_all(name)	list[MarkerInstance]	Get all matching markers

MarkerInstance

A MarkerInstance is what you get when you call a marker. Schema fields are accessible as attributes:

inst = Searchable(boost=2.5, analyzer="english")
inst.marker_name  # 'searchable'
inst.boost        # 2.5
inst.analyzer     # 'english'

Attribute	Type	Description
inst.marker_name	str	The marker type name
inst.<field>	Any	Access any schema field as an attribute

Type checking

The library ships with PEP 561 py.typed support and type stubs for full IDE integration (Pylance, Pyright, mypy).

What's typed automatically

Marker constructors — parameters are fully validated by type checkers via PEP 681 dataclass_transform. Typos, wrong types, and missing required params are all caught:

class MaxLen(Marker):
    mark = "max_length"
    limit: int

MaxLen(limit=100)          # ok
MaxLen(limit="oops")       # type error: str is not int
MaxLen()                   # type error: missing 'limit'
MaxLen(limti=100)          # type error: no param 'limti'

BaseMixin descriptors — .fields, .methods, .members are typed as dict[str, MemberInfo] on any class using a group mixin. Full dict operations (.items(), .keys(), .values(), indexing) work without casts:

class User(DB.mixin):
    id: Annotated[int, DB.PrimaryKey()]

for name, info in User.fields.items():  # (str, MemberInfo) — fully typed
    print(info.is_field, info.has("primary_key"))

Decorator signatures — @OnSave(priority=10) preserves the decorated function's type. Type checkers see the original return type, not MarkerInstance:

@Lifecycle.OnSave(priority=10)
def validate(self) -> list[str]: ...

reveal_type(User().validate())  # list[str]

Registry .all proxy — .all.fields, .all.methods, .all.members, and .all.<marker_name> are typed as dict[str, list[MemberInfo]].

Marker.collect() — always returns dict[str, MemberInfo], fully typed:

PrimaryKey.collect(User)  # dict[str, MemberInfo] — no type: ignore needed

What's not typed automatically

Marker-specific descriptors like .primary_key, .required, .indexed are added dynamically by MarkerGroupMeta and are not visible to type checkers. Two options:

Option A — Use Marker.collect() (no annotations needed):

# Instead of User.primary_key, use:
PrimaryKey.collect(User)  # fully typed: dict[str, MemberInfo]

Option B — Add explicit ClassVar annotations (opt-in per class):

from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, ClassVar

class User(DB.mixin):
    if TYPE_CHECKING:
        primary_key: ClassVar[dict[str, MemberInfo]]
        indexed: ClassVar[dict[str, MemberInfo]]

    id: Annotated[int, DB.PrimaryKey()]
    email: Annotated[str, DB.Indexed(unique=True)]

User.primary_key  # now typed as dict[str, MemberInfo]

The TYPE_CHECKING guard ensures these annotations don't affect runtime behavior — the actual values come from the dynamically-installed MarkerDescriptor instances.

How collection works

When you access a descriptor like User.fields or User.required, the library:

1. Walks the class MRO in reverse (base classes first, subclass last — so subclasses override)
2. Collects fields from __annotations__ + get_type_hints(include_extras=True), extracting MarkerInstance objects from Annotated metadata
3. Collects methods by finding callables with a _markers attribute (set by the decorator)
4. Caches the result per-class using weak references — the cache auto-clears when a class is garbage collected

Private fields (names starting with _) are skipped.

Subclass overrides work naturally — if a child redefines a field, the child's version wins:

class Parent(Validation.mixin):
    name: Annotated[str, Validation.Required()]

class Child(Parent):
    name: Annotated[str, Validation.Required(), Validation.MaxLen(limit=50)]

Child.fields["name"].owner  # Child
Child.fields["name"].has("max_length")  # True

Caching and invalidation

Collection results are cached per-class for performance. The cache is:

• Automatic — first access triggers collection, subsequent accesses return cached results
• Weakref-based — if a class is garbage collected, its cache entry is cleaned up automatically
• Invalidatable — call Marker.invalidate(cls) to clear the cache for a specific class

# First access collects and caches
User.fields  # walks MRO, caches result
User.fields  # returns cached result (same dict object)

# Invalidate if you've dynamically modified a class
Marker.invalidate(User)
User.fields  # re-collects from scratch

You typically don't need to call invalidate() — classes are usually defined once at import time. It's useful if you're dynamically modifying classes in tests or metaprogramming.

Imperative collection

Besides descriptors, you can collect members carrying a specific marker imperatively:

# Via the marker class
Required.collect(User)    # {'name': MemberInfo(...), 'email': MemberInfo(...)}
ForeignKey.collect(Post)  # {'author_id': MemberInfo(...)}

# Invalidation works on any Marker subclass (or Marker itself)
Marker.invalidate(User)
Required.invalidate(User)  # same effect — clears the whole cache for User

API reference

Classes

Class	Purpose
Marker	Subclass to define markers with optional typed schema
MarkerGroup	Subclass to bundle markers into a .mixin
Registry	Subclass to track all subclasses, provides .subclasses() and .all
MarkerInstance	A specific usage of a marker with validated params
MemberInfo	Metadata about a field or method
MemberKind	Enum: FIELD or METHOD
MISSING	Sentinel for fields with no default

Marker class methods

Method	Description
MyMarker.collect(cls)	Collect members carrying this marker from cls
Marker.invalidate(cls)	Clear cached collection for cls

Descriptors (available on any class using a group mixin)

Descriptor	Returns	Description
.fields	dict[str, MemberInfo]	All field members
.methods	dict[str, MemberInfo]	All method members
.members	dict[str, MemberInfo]	All members (fields + methods)
.<marker_name>	dict[str, MemberInfo]	Members carrying that specific marker

Registry extras

Attribute / Method	Returns	Description
.subclasses()	list[type]	All registered subclasses
.all.fields	dict[str, list[MemberInfo]]	Fields from all subclasses, grouped by name
.all.methods	dict[str, list[MemberInfo]]	Methods from all subclasses, grouped by name
.all.members	dict[str, list[MemberInfo]]	All members from all subclasses
.all.<marker_name>	dict[str, list[MemberInfo]]	Marker-filtered, from all subclasses

License

MIT