Update TypeScript workspace dependencies

[ajroetker]

Summary

• move TypeScript CI/publish workflows to Node 24
• update the ts workspace dependencies and lockfile while keeping TypeScript on 5.9.3 for openapi-typescript peer compatibility
• add compatibility fixes for upgraded packages and clean main-based typechecking

Verification

• pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
• pnpm peers check
• pnpm lint
• pnpm build
• pnpm test
• git diff --check

Note: local verification ran on Node 22.20.0, so pnpm printed the expected engine warning for node >=24.0; CI is configured for Node 24.