[C++] Define common abstract APIs for database clients

[asfimport]

Most databases feature common notions:

• Connection

• Session

• Operation or Cursor

• Result set

  Result sets for example should support a standard API for conversion to an Arrow record batch (though some databases may require additional options for some conversions)

Reporter: Wes McKinney / @wesm

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-3101. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Uwe Korn / @xhochy:
Relevant input for this could be found in the blog posts that outline turbodbc's design decisions: https://tech.blue-yonder.com/making-of-turbodbc-part-2-c-to-python/

[asfimport]

Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou:
I'm not sure what the intended use case. Is this satisfied by the C data (or stream) interface?

[github-actions]

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