[C++] Add compute functionality for Substrait types

[asfimport]

The Substrait spec defines a few types that are not supported by Apache arrow. These are currently implemented as extension types but there will be no compute support for them. We have compute support for the underlying storage type and should expose the relevant functions as appropriate. The extension types are:

• UUID
• Fixed length string
• Varchar

Reporter: Weston Pace / @westonpace

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-15620. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[github-actions]

This issue has been marked as stale because it has had no activity in the past 365 days. Please remove the stale label or comment below, or this issue will be closed in 14 days. If this improvement is still desired but has no current owner, please add the 'Status: needs champion' label.