[C++] Add C++ unit tests for filter and take functions on temporal type inputs, including timestamps

[asfimport]

These are used in R but not tested in C++, so I only found out that I had missed adding the kernels to the Filter VectorFunction when running the R test suite

Reporter: Wes McKinney / @wesm
Assignee: Wes McKinney / @wesm

Related issues:

• [C++] C++ array kernels framework and execution buildout (umbrella issue) (is a child of)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #7485

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-8895. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Wes McKinney / @wesm:
I'll add these types to the random data test battery

[asfimport]

Wes McKinney / @wesm:
Issue resolved by pull request 7485
#7485