[Doc] Provide Java development guide

[asfimport]

We need a document to help developers with development related issues. 

Reporter: Liya Fan / @liyafan82

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-10107. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[github-actions]

This issue has been marked as stale because it has had no activity in the past 365 days. Please remove the stale label or comment below, or this issue will be closed in 14 days. If this improvement is still desired but has no current owner, please add the 'Status: needs champion' label.