[C++] Add/improve documentation about employing Arrow in downstream CMake projects

[asfimport]

In our C++ documentation, it may be useful to create a section about how we recommend introducing Arrow as a build / runtime dependency of downstream projects, particularly other CMake-based build systems. This would be at this level:

https://arrow.apache.org/docs/cpp/index.html

We have the "Minimal Build" example in the codebase which helps, but it may not cover all the various ways that people need to be able to depend on the project.

Reporter: Wes McKinney / @wesm

Related issues:

• [C++][Docs] Provide more complete linking/CMake project example (relates to)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-13021. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Kae Suarez / @ksuarez1423:
I can vouch for needing this, e.g., the minimal build example uses Docker, which was a tool I didn't have on hand at the time, and I wanted to do something even more minimal. Plus, there is currently no mention of the requirement of the C++11 standard to be set, as well as the process for linking things like Arrow Datasets, which requires an additional step or two at the moment.

[github-actions]

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