[C++] Asynchronous task groups should abort and stop running tasks once an error has been encountered

[asfimport]

This would mirror the behavior of the synchronous task group.
One could maybe want a task group that recovers from error but we don't have a need for it today and, since the asynchronous task group only has a single status it, the current implementation isn't well suited for that use case anyways.

Reporter: Weston Pace / @westonpace

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-14565. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Todd Farmer / @toddfarmer:
This issue was last updated over 90 days ago, which may be an indication it is no longer being actively worked. To better reflect the current state, the issue is being unassigned. Please feel free to re-take assignment of the issue if it is being actively worked, or if you plan to start that work soon.

[github-actions]

This issue has been marked as stale because it has had no activity in the past 365 days. Please remove the stale label or comment below, or this issue will be closed in 14 days. If this improvement is still desired but has no current owner, please add the 'Status: needs champion' label.