[Python] Add type-stubs for pyarrow

[asfimport]

Type-stubs introduced in PEP-484 can help IDE and static type checker, significantly increasing productivity.

Many popular python packages have type-stubs, e.g. pytorch is shipped with type-stubs, pandas has a separate stub-only package https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas-stubs.

 

Reporter: 游嘉诚

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-16956. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[github-actions]

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