[CI][Debian] Use Debian 12 because Debian 11 will reach EOL on 2024-07

[kou]

Describe the enhancement requested

https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases

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Code name

Release date

End of life date

EOL LTS

EOL ELTS

14

Forky

13

Trixie

12

Bookworm

2023-06-10

11

Bullseye

2021-08-14

~2024-07

Component(s)

Continuous Integration

[kou]

Duplicated of #40454.