[Python] Replace setup.py calls with recommended front-end invocation

[WillAyd]

Describe the enhancement requested

Within CI we have a ton of PyArrow checks that invoke setup.py directly. However, the Python Packaging Specification says that this approach is deprecated and MUST NOT be used anymore.

Emphasis is from the Python packaging documentation:

https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/modernize-setup-py-project/#should-setup-py-be-deleted

Component(s)

Python