[C++][Flight] ODBC BlockingQueue not working properly on Linux

[justing-bq]

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

On Linux, our BlockingQueue (defined in cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_impl/blocking_queue.h) does not work properly. It is not pushing data to the queue the same way as it does on other platforms.

We have several disabled tests that reproduce this issue (such as ColumnsMockTest.TestSQLColumnsAllColumns).

Component(s)

C++, FlightRPC

[alinaliBQ]

To add on to this issue, the impact is that isql commands for tables and columns are not supported. Users can still retrieve table data from isql by executing queries.
This issue originates from flightsql-odbc which is introduced in PR #40939.