GH-33887: [Go] cdata package leaks handles, difficult debugging

[zeroshade]

Rationale for this change

Fixing a memory leak of malloc'd uintptr_t values used for cgo handles

What changes are included in this PR?

calling free on the handles after deleting the Go objects they point at, add static keyword to the helper function definitions in helpers.h so that compiling without optimizations for debugging doesn't fail.

• Closes: [Go] cdata package leaks handles, difficulty debugging #33887

[github-actions]

• Closes: [Go] cdata package leaks handles, difficulty debugging #33887

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = af400a8 and contender = 8f537ca. 8f537ca is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed ⬇️0.22% ⬆️0.0%] test-mac-arm
[Failed ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️0.47% ⬆️0.09%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
[Finished] 8f537ca9 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] 8f537ca9 test-mac-arm
[Failed] 8f537ca9 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 8f537ca9 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
[Finished] af400a81 ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] af400a81 test-mac-arm
[Failed] af400a81 ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] af400a81 ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java