GH-38909: [Packaging] Drop support for Ubuntu 23.04

[kou]

Rationale for this change

It will reach EOL on 2024-01 and our next major release will not be happen in this year.

What changes are included in this PR?

Remove Ubuntu 23.04 related codes and files.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.

• Closes: [Packaging] Drop support for Ubuntu 23.04 #38909

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit ubuntu-*

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #38909 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[raulcd]

I think we also have to remove this, right?
https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/main/dev/tasks/linux-packages/apache-arrow-apt-source/apt/ubuntu-lunar/Dockerfile

[kou]

Good catch! You're right.
I've removed it.

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit ubuntu-*

[github-actions]

Revision: f1c1061

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-6358142457

Task	Status
ubuntu-focal-amd64
ubuntu-focal-arm64
ubuntu-jammy-amd64
ubuntu-jammy-arm64
ubuntu-mantic-amd64
ubuntu-mantic-arm64

[raulcd]

The CI failure is unrelated as is related to: #38981

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 5 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit 29f0ec2.

There were 3 benchmark results indicating a performance regression:

• Commit Run on ursa-i9-9960x at 2023-11-30 00:46:48Z
  • tpch (R) with engine=arrow, format=native, language=R, memory_map=False, query_id=TPCH-06, scale_factor=10
  • tpch (R) with engine=arrow, format=native, language=R, memory_map=False, query_id=TPCH-07, scale_factor=1
• and 1 more (see the report linked below)

The full Conbench report has more details. It also includes information about 2 possible false positives for unstable benchmarks that are known to sometimes produce them.