[Feature](lance) Support additional Lance and Arrow data types

[Gabriel39]

Parent

Tracked by #66340. Core Arrow and Lance scalar, nested, and vector types were introduced by #65730.

Scope

• Lance Blob v2.
• Arrow JSON Extension.
• Lance BFloat16 Extension.
• Arrow null.
• Arrow duration.
• Preserve extension metadata and define Doris type mappings and unsupported-column behavior.

Completion criteria

• FE schema conversion and BE Arrow deserialization are implemented safely.
• Unit and regression tests cover schema discovery, projection, nullability, and malformed input.
• User documentation describes mappings, precision, and limitations.
• Representative datasets for every listed type are verified.