[FLINK-XXXXX][table] Add GEOGRAPHY logical type model

[davidchaava]

What is the purpose of the change

This draft PR adds the initial GEOGRAPHY logical type model for Flink.

It is intended to support the ongoing FLIP discussion for native GEOGRAPHY
support in Flink SQL / Table API and to make the proposed Flink-side type shape
easier to review.

This PR is not intended to be merged before the FLIP direction is agreed.

Brief change log

• Add LogicalTypeRoot.GEOGRAPHY.
• Add GeographyType.
• Extend logical type visitors for GEOGRAPHY.
• Extend logical type parsing for the GEOGRAPHY serializable string.
• Add logical type tests.

Verifying this change

This change adds tests for the new logical type model:

• LogicalTypesTest
• LogicalTypeParserTest

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies: no
• Public API: no
• Serializers: no
• Runtime per-record code paths: no
• Deployment or recovery: no
• S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? yes
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not documented yet; this is a draft PR for the FLIP discussion

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• cc21658 Azure: SUCCESS

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