[#12651] improvement(core): add OCC for topic writes

[yuqi1129]

What changes were proposed in this pull request?

• Use topic_meta.current_version as the OCC token for topic alters and direct deletes.
• Run the root topic CAS and dependent metadata cleanup in one transaction.
• Classify stale writes as either OptimisticLockException or NoSuchEntityException.
• Lock the parent schema during topic creation.
• Preserve monotonic versions and persisted topic IDs during overwrite across H2, MySQL, and PostgreSQL.
• Invalidate the entity cache after overwrite because the database may preserve existing identity.
• Add SQL-provider, service, converter, and cache tests for the OCC behavior.

Why are the changes needed?

Concurrent topic writes could overwrite newer metadata, and a stale delete could remove relationships belonging to a newer topic. Overwrite could also reset the OCC version or cache an entity whose ID differed from the row retained by the database.

Fix: #12651

Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?

Yes. Concurrent stale topic writes now fail with an optimistic-lock conflict, while writes against a topic that was deleted or renamed report that the topic no longer exists.

No public API or property key is changed.

How was this patch tested?

• ./gradlew --no-daemon :core:spotlessApply
• SKIP_DOCKER_TESTS=true ./gradlew --no-daemon :core:check -PskipITs -PskipDockerTests=true
• Targeted Topic service, SQL-provider, PO converter, and relational entity-store tests

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Code Coverage Report

Overall Project	68.55% +0.23%	🟢
Files changed	87.03%	🟢

Module	Coverage
aliyun	19.74%	🔴
api	52.09%	🟢
authorization-common	85.96%	🟢
authorization-ranger	4.38%	🔴
aws	53.54%	🟢
azure	32.1%	🔴
catalog-common	9.9%	🔴
catalog-fileset	80.3%	🟢
catalog-glue	69.24%	🟢
catalog-hive	82.96%	🟢
catalog-jdbc-common	45.69%	🟢
catalog-jdbc-doris	82.44%	🟢
catalog-jdbc-mysql	79.33%	🟢
catalog-jdbc-postgresql	83.39%	🟢
catalog-jdbc-starrocks	79.16%	🟢
catalog-kafka	76.99%	🟢
catalog-lakehouse-generic	60.55%	🟢
catalog-lakehouse-hudi	79.1%	🟢
catalog-lakehouse-iceberg	85.86%	🟢
catalog-lakehouse-paimon	84.26%	🟢
catalog-model	77.99%	🟢
cli	44.48%	🟢
client-java	77.44%	🟢
common	55.5%	🟢
core	83.62% +0.14%	🟢
filesystem-hadoop3	76.45%	🟢
flink	0.0%	🔴
flink-common	50.29%	🟢
flink-runtime	0.0%	🔴
gcp	32.2%	🔴
hadoop-auth	68.0%	🟢
hadoop-common	17.84%	🔴
hive-metastore-common	53.4%	🟢
iceberg-aliyun-bundle	0.0%	🔴
iceberg-common	64.75%	🟢
iceberg-rest-server	75.96%	🟢
idp-basic	85.98%	🟢
integration-test-common	0.0%	🔴
jobs	62.92%	🟢
lance-common	32.63%	🔴
lance-rest-server	65.46%	🟢
lineage	53.02%	🟢
optimizer	83.24%	🟢
optimizer-api	21.95%	🔴
server	88.15%	🟢
server-common	80.5%	🟢
spark	28.57%	🔴
spark-common	48.92%	🟢
tencent	69.84%	🟢
trino-connector	47.44%	🟢

Files

Module	File	Coverage
core	TopicMetaPostgreSQLProvider.java	100.0%	🟢
	POConverters.java	88.31%	🟢
	TopicMetaSQLProviderFactory.java	87.1%	🟢
	TopicMetaBaseSQLProvider.java	81.82%	🟢
	TopicMetaService.java	77.34%	🟢
	TopicMetaMapper.java	0.0%	🔴