fix(connectors): handle unrecognized types with explicit coverage and diagnostics

[atharvalade]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #3175

Rationale

Unrecognized Postgres types silently coerced to String, returning opaque InvalidRecord on failure with no column or type context.

What changed?

The default _ branch in extract_column_value attempted to read any unrecognized Postgres type as Option<String>, failing silently with Error::InvalidRecord and no indication of which column or type caused it.

Added explicit handlers for DATE, TIME, INTERVAL, OID, NAME, BPCHAR, and 13 array types (_BOOL, _INT2, _INT4, _INT8, _FLOAT4, _FLOAT8, _TEXT, _VARCHAR, _CHAR, _BPCHAR, _UUID, _JSON, _JSONB). The default branch now logs a warning with column name and type before attempting String fallback, and returns InvalidRecordValue with a diagnostic message on failure.

Local Execution

• Passed
• Pre-commit hooks ran

AI Usage

1. Opus 4.6
2. Scaffolding, Writing comments, Writing PR Description
3. Verified via cargo check, clippy, fmt, and full test suite (24/24 pass)
4. Yes, all code can be explained

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 36.04061% with 126 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 19.23%. Comparing base (611fca0) to head (73fcce0).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
core/connectors/sources/postgres_source/src/lib.rs	36.04%	124 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@              Coverage Diff              @@
##             master    #3196       +/-   ##
=============================================
- Coverage     74.10%   19.23%   -54.87%     
  Complexity      943      943               
=============================================
  Files          1159     1157        -2     
  Lines        102033    90511    -11522     
  Branches      79083    67579    -11504     
=============================================
- Hits          75607    17414    -58193     
- Misses        23765    72678    +48913     
+ Partials       2661      419     -2242     

Components	Coverage Δ
Rust Core	1.05% <36.04%> (-74.28%)	⬇️
Java SDK	60.14% <ø> (ø)
C# SDK	69.07% <ø> (-0.31%)	⬇️
Python SDK	81.43% <ø> (ø)
Node SDK	91.40% <ø> (-0.13%)	⬇️
Go SDK	39.43% <ø> (ø)

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
core/connectors/sources/postgres_source/src/lib.rs	41.04% <36.04%> (-26.14%)	⬇️

... and 657 files with indirect coverage changes

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