[Improvement][C++] Complete and adopt the existing LRU cache infrastructure

[ColinLeeo]

Motivation

C++ performance improvements such as #885 and #934 need a reusable bounded cache. Without a production-ready cache abstraction, individual components may introduce unbounded per-object caches or duplicate cache implementations, making memory usage and ownership harder to control.

Current cache mechanisms

The repository currently contains several cache-related implementations:

• cpp/src/common/cache/lru_cache.h provides a generic std::list + associative-map LRU skeleton with configurable maximum size and elasticity.
• TsFileIOReader::device_node_cache_ is an active, reader-specific cache protected by a mutex. It is unbounded and backed by a shared PageArena, so individual eviction cannot reclaim the cached allocations.
• The Java implementation has a working LRUCache based on LinkedHashMap, which can serve as a behavioral reference but cannot be reused directly by C++.

Problems with the existing C++ LRU

The generic C++ LRU is not currently used as a working production cache:

• getCopy() and getRef() call an undefined get_nolock(), so these APIs fail when instantiated.
• tryGetRef() copies the cached value into an output parameter despite its name. This is unsuitable for entries containing vectors or other expensive values.
• The comments mention thread safety, but the implementation contains no synchronization.
• MetadataQuerier passes std::mutex as the third template argument even though that argument is defined as the associative map type.
• The cache operations in MetadataQuerier are commented out, and there are no focused C++ unit tests covering the cache behavior.

Proposed work

1. Define the cache contract clearly, including ownership, reference lifetime, capacity semantics, and whether synchronization is internal or the caller's responsibility.
2. Fix all public APIs and add a non-copying lookup mechanism, such as a pointer/reference accessor with a documented lifetime or a callback-based API.
3. Add unit tests covering insertion, lookup promotion, update, eviction, removal, clearing, bounded capacity, and disabled/unbounded configurations.
4. Correct or remove the inactive MetadataQuerier integration.
5. Adopt the completed cache in at least one real component, such as the bounded writer-level schema lookup cache discussed in perf(cpp): cache per-device schema check for repeated tablet writes (#885) #934.
6. Add benchmarks or memory measurements demonstrating that the cache improves the target workload while keeping additional memory bounded.

Acceptance criteria

• All exposed cache APIs compile and have tested behavior.
• The eviction and capacity contract is deterministic and documented.
• Expensive cached values can be accessed without an unconditional copy.
• Thread-safety expectations and cached-value lifetime are explicit.
• At least one production C++ consumer uses the cache.

Related

• Optimize TsFileWriter::do_check_schema CPU overhead for repeated wide-tablet writes #885
• perf(cpp): cache per-device schema check for repeated tablet writes (#885) #934