Adopt component log categories and deprecate VERBOSE

[codeforester]

Summary

• tag every internal std, arg, file, Git, and GitHub record with its
  base_bash_libs.<module> category
• default the parent base_bash_libs gate to INFO so application DEBUG does
  not implicitly enable reusable-library DEBUG
• preserve explicit parent and child category opt-ins
• make --debug-wrapper enable both terminal and library DEBUG
• deprecate the Bash-only VERBOSE level, log_verbose* helpers, and
  --verbose-wrapper without changing their 1.x runtime behavior

Issue

Closes #188

Dependency

• Add hierarchical log category gates #189 merged the category API from Add hierarchical log-category gates and enabled checks #187 into main
• this branch is rebased directly onto that merged prerequisite

Validation

• bats tests/launcher.bats lib/bash/std/tests/lib_std.bats lib/bash/git/tests/lib_git.bats
  — 204 tests passed locally, with one environment-specific process-listing
  skip
• bats lib/bash/file/tests/lib_file.bats — 34 tests passed
• ./tests/validate.sh — 314 tests passed
• bash -n for the launcher and all changed library modules
• audit found no uncategorized internal severity calls in the five logging
  modules
• git diff --check

Notes

• Deprecated symbols remain available, retain their exact thresholds, and do
  not emit runtime warnings.
• DEBUG is the most detailed level for new code; deprecated compatibility
  surfaces can be removed no earlier than the next major release.
• Deprecating basectl --verbose-wrapper remains a separate Base issue/PR
  after this library train is merged and available.
• VERSION remains unchanged; this work is targeted to the v1.4.0
  milestone.

Checklist

• Branch name follows <category>/<issue>-<YYYYMMDD>-<slug>.
• Pull request is scoped to one issue, unless a documented multi-issue exception applies.
• Pull request body explains what changed and how it was validated.
• Relevant project checks pass.
• Documentation is updated when behavior or user-facing commands change.
• CHANGELOG is updated for notable user-visible or release-worthy changes.
• Pull request includes Fixes #<issue> or Closes #<issue> when merge should close the issue.