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Stephen Crowley edited this page Mar 2, 2023 · 91 revisions

To trace the orbit of the lemniscate defined where the real part of tanh(ln(1+x^2)) vanishes, we can use the iteration function:

$$z_{n+1} = z_n - \frac{\operatorname{Re}\left(\tanh\left(\ln\left(1+z_n^2\right)\right)\right)}{\operatorname{Re}\left(\dfrac{d}{dz}\tanh\left(\ln\left(1+z_n^2\right)\right)\right)}$$

where $z_n$ is the $n$th iterate of the orbit. We start with an initial value $z_0$ in the region where the real part of tanh(ln(1+x^2)) vanishes, and we iterate the function until convergence to the desired accuracy.

This iteration function is derived from the Newton-Raphson method, which is a root-finding algorithm that can be used to find the zeros of a function. In this case, we are looking for the zeros of the real part of tanh(ln(1+x^2)), which correspond to the lemniscate curve.

The denominator of the iteration function corresponds to the derivative of the real part of tanh(ln(1+x^2)), which is given by:

$$\operatorname{Re}\left(\dfrac{d}{dz}\tanh\left(\ln\left(1+z^2\right)\right)\right) = \dfrac{4z}{(1+z^2)^2}\operatorname{sech}^2\left(\ln\left(1+z^2\right)\right).$$

To calculate the derivative of the imaginary part of $\tanh(\ln(1+x^2))$, we can first express it as:

$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Im}[\tanh(\ln(1+x^2))] &= \operatorname{Im}\left[\frac{e^{\ln(1+x^2)}-e^{-\ln(1+x^2)}}{e^{\ln(1+x^2)}+e^{-\ln(1+x^2)}}\right] \ &= \operatorname{Im}\left[\frac{(1+x^2)-(1-x^2)}{(1+x^2)+(1-x^2)}\right] \ &= \frac{2x^2}{1+x^4}. \end{aligned}$$

Using this expression, we can calculate the derivative of the imaginary part with respect to $x$ as:

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{2x^2}{1+x^4}\right) &= \frac{(1+x^4)(4x)-(2x^2)(4x^3)}{(1+x^4)^2} \ &= \frac{4x(1-x^6)}{(1+x^4)^2}. \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, the derivative of the imaginary part of $\tanh(\ln(1+x^2))$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{4x(1-x^6)}{(1+x^4)^2}$.

Using this iteration function, we can trace the orbit of the lemniscate curve and study its geometry and properties.

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