1.22.0

Breaking changes

stdlib

• (system) Drop Process.fork (#17367, thanks @straight-shoota)

Features

lang

• Allow constants with type declarations (#16951, thanks @stakach)
• (macros) Add StringLiteral#bytesize (#17176, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (macros) Add NumberLiteral#chr (#17169, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (macros) Support CharLiteral in RangeLiteral#each (#17170, thanks @straight-shoota)

stdlib

• Add warning about minimum supported Crystal version in prelude (#17349, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (crypto) Enable OpenSSL Kernel TLS support by default (#17059, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (crypto) Add OpenSSL::Cipher#gcm_tag and #gcm_tag= for AEAD ciphers (#17096, thanks @paulocoghi)
• (files) Add IO::Memory#writable? (#17167, thanks @spuun)
• (llvm) Support LLVM 23.1 and 24.0 (#17432, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (macros) Add all enum types to Enum's list of subclasses (#17425, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (networking) Add HTTP::Context#remote_address, #local_address (#17196, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Validate method, version, and host in HTTP::WebSocketHandler (#17235, thanks @hahwul)
• (networking) HTTP::Client::Request support Content-Encoding: x-gzip (#17263, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Add HTTP::Headers#merge (#17326, thanks @jgaskins)
• (networking) Serialize IO::Memory in HTTP body with Content-Length header (#17388, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (runtime) Add GC.syscall(&) (#17150, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Add Thread#wait and Thread#wake methods (#17226, #17243, #17247, #17380, #17419, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Add Crystal::LRUCache (#17284, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Add GC.max_heap_size= (#17346, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (runtime) Use epoll event loop on Solaris targets (#17370, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) DWARF: build function names table for fast binary search (#17410, #17433, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Enable kqueue event-loop by default on all BSD targets (#17421, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) DWARF: build index of .debug_line section (#17455, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Support Bytes in Crystal::System.printf(%s) (#17463, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Support DW_FORM_addrx<n> and DW_FORM_strx<n> from DWARF 5 (#17445, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Add Fiber::ExecutionContext::Parallel#scale_up to manually scale parallel contexts (#17438, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Re-enable pretty backtraces in UNIX segfault handler (#17456, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (serialization) Add XML::Node#line_number (#17179, thanks @n-rodriguez)
• (system) Include exit code in Process::Status#description (#17087, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (system) Add File::Info#inspect (#17375, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (system) Add File.exists?(follow_symlinks: true) (#17307, #17600, thanks @straight-shoota, @ysbaddaden)
• (system) File::Info.readable?, .writable?, .executable? follow_symlinks: false (#17391, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (text) Add Char::Reader.new(Bytes) (#17428, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (time) Add Time::Span#to_nanoseconds etc. (#17190, thanks @straight-shoota)

compiler

• (cli) Improve compiler error when writing cross-compile output fails (#17457, thanks @ralsina)
• (parser) Fix parsing suffix form of ensure after an ExceptionHandler (#17426, #17460, thanks @Sija)
• (semantic) Add Crystal::ALL_FLAGS and USER_FLAGS (#17392, #17621, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (semantic) Fix method_missing call location metadata (#17465, thanks @nobodywasishere)

tools

• (docs-generator) Update markd 0.6.0 (#17269, thanks @straight-shoota)

Bugfixes

stdlib

• (cli) Fix bundled short options not consuming a value from the next argument (#17473, thanks @alter)
• (collection) Fix invalid access in BitArray#[](Int, Int) (#17205, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (collection) Fix Range#step raise on zero step size (#17225, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (collection) Fix Range#size overflow on max integer value (#17266, thanks @mvanhorn)
• (collection) Fix each_repeated_combination iterator raising on an empty collection (#17275, thanks @SAY-5)
• (concurrency) Sync::RWLock#try_write_lock? skips type protection (#17472, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (files) invalid resize when writing IO::Memory to itself (#17241, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (llvm) Add pointer indirection for __crystal_type_id_to_class_name_map (#17502, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (llvm) Fix LLVM#gep and #inbounds_gep signatures with multiple indices (#17538, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (networking) Reject unrecognized HTTP Transfer-Encoding header (#17140, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Reject HTTP::Client::Response with invalid Content-Encoding (#17262, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix HTTP::Request.from_io parsing empty header name (#17254, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) [breaking] Fix HTTP::Request#body= return value (#17257, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix Content-Encoding: deflate (#17261, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix validation in Request#hostname (#17258, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix HTTP::Request#form_params? to ignore invalid content-type (#17256, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix HTTP.parse_headers_and_body to not raise with without_zlib (#17272, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Validate HTTP::Request#method (#17255, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Validate HTTP::Request#version (#17304, #17374, thanks @straight-shoota, @Sija)
• (networking) Fix HTTP::Request#content_length= return value (#17273, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Validate HTTP::Request#resource (#17310, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix Socket#sendfile when count > file.size (#17286, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix File#sendfile should not move #pos (#17293, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix IPv6 address passed to OpenSSL::SSL::Socket::Client.new for OpenSSL 4.0 (#17321, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (networking) Fix HTTP::VALID_TOKEN_CHAR_MAP for Crystal < 1.16 (#17333, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix validate HTTP::Headers name (#17317, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Close HTTP::Client on IO::Error during request (#17318, thanks @jgaskins)
• (networking) Fix reject invalid HTTP trailer (#17337, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Validate HTTP::Request#content_length and type as Int64 (#17312, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix keep HTTP::Request#content_length in sync with #body (#17389, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix WebSocket buffer corruption with interleaved control frame (#17553, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix WebSocket::Protocol#receive to validate masked/unmasked state (#17562, #17603, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix WebSocket reject mixed opcode continuation (#17552, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (numeric) Fix BigRational#<=> with an infinite Float (#17223, thanks @youdie006)
• (numeric) Fix Int#humanize_bytes to use KiB in IEC format (#17234, thanks @kojix2)
• (runtime) ThreadPool#main_thread_loop (#17194, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) free dead fiber stack when there's no stack pool (#17229, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) support bare threads in crystal/once (#17228, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) io_uring event loop hangs on sendfile (#17299, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) correctly iterate ELF file sections (#17327, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) backtraces on musl-libc when linking with -static-pie (#17316, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) abort on out-of-memory instead of segfaulting (#17111, #17345, thanks @carlhoerberg, @straight-shoota)
• (runtime) enqueue thread once into thread pool (#17350, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) save stdio closed state on program start (#17378, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) rewrite thread pool logic to avoid race conditions (#17400, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) don't propagate trace environment variables to sub-processes (#17402, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) tracing 128 bit integers (#17403, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) kqueue event loop on NetBSD (#17420, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) [regression] Fix COFF symbols table being empty on MinGW-w64 (#17442, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (runtime) Fix running on CPUs with cpu_count > UInt8::MAX (#17437, thanks @willhbr)
• (runtime) parallel schedulers may deadlock each other (#17491, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) crystal/once must cleanup when an exception is raised (#17546, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) auto-scaling of multiple execution contexts (#17514, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Distinguish kqueue registration errors from kevent errors (#17599, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (serialization) Fix CSV error line numbers with CRLF input (#17381, thanks @cuishuang)
• (serialization) Fix CSV builder to escape CR characters (#17548, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (system) [regression] Fix missing NULL terminator for execve vargs (#17184, thanks @sdogruyol)
• (system) Fix Process.new to close pipes on error (#17297, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (system) [breaking] Add IO::FileDescriptor#exit_on_broken_pipe (#17335, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (system) Skip inaccessible candidates for Process.find_executable (#17409, thanks @mvanhorn)
• (system) Fix FileUtils.mv(Enumerable) swallowing errors (#17407, thanks @LaskaIDK)
• (system) Ignore all File::Error in Process.find_executable (#17542, thanks @jochenseeber)
• (text) Fix String#gsub when Regex pattern matches empty string and advances (#17204, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (text) Fix URI#resolve for path without / (#17213, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (text) Handle consecutive whitespace in String#titleize (#17206, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (text) Fix String#each_line(remove_empty: true) with many empty lines (#17242, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (text) Fix Char::Reader#pos= to raise on negative position (#17382, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (text) Fix Char::Reader#current_char_width to be zero at end (#17405, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (text) Fix String#compare(case_insensitive: true) to order invalid byte sequences (#17314, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (text) Fix Char::Reader.new to raise on an invalid position (#17416, thanks @youdie006)
• (text) Fix PCRE2#jit_compile to accept nomemory error for implicit fallback (#17559, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (time) Fix local timezone location name for Android (#17248, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (time) Fix Time::Location.load? for Android (#17249, thanks @HertzDevil)

compiler

• Fix vswhere ignoring ARM64-only MSVC installations (#17395, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (codegen) Codegen doesn't materialize an unused yield block value in debug builds, pt. 2 (#17130, thanks @nobodywasishere)
• (codegen) Unify LLVM types used for ReferenceStorage (#17397, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (codegen) Do not access owner type in dispatch if it is not passed at runtime (#17424, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (codegen) cross-compile crashes when combined with emit llvm-bc or obj (#17510, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (codegen) Fix memory leak in mixed union assignments (#17518, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (codegen) Fix SysV ABI classification of word containing Float32 followed by integer (#17572, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (codegen) Respect ABI info when explicitly returning inside top-level funs (#17616, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (debugger) Fix lldb-dap crash on Windows when loading Crystal formatters (#17448, thanks @magynhard)
• (interpreter) Fix interpreter dispatch on a virtual struct narrowed from a union (#17450, thanks @jochenseeber)
• (parser) Fix parse OP_SLASH after block (#17159, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (parser) Fix suffix ExceptionHandler#location in an assignment (#17365, thanks @Sija)
• (parser) Fix global calls shadowed by local variables (#17558, thanks @grepsedawk)
• (semantic) Fix instance variable initializer using a class variable assignment (#17148, thanks @nobodywasishere)
• (semantic) Fix bug allowing self in private top-level method (#17149, thanks @nobodywasishere)
• (semantic) Fix dynamic class declaration macro error (#17274, thanks @nobodywasishere)
• (semantic) Backfill included type to existing instantiations (#17094, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (semantic) Fix ICE when module with ivar is included in a type that can't have them (#17386, thanks @bcardiff)
• (semantic) Disallow instance_sizeof and instance_alignof on Void or NoReturn (#17453, thanks @HertzDevil)

tools

• (formatter) Fix formatter for setter assignment with parenthesized values (#17083, thanks @mamantoha)
• (formatter) formatter unescapes fresh variables (#17517, thanks @ysbaddaden)

Chores

lang

• [deprecation] Deprecate uppercase instance and class variables (#17160, thanks @nobodywasishere)

stdlib

• (llvm) [deprecation] Deprecate LLVM::Type#size and #alignment (#17494, #17533, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (networking) [deprecation] Deprecate HTTP::Request#local_address and #remote_address (#17260, thanks @straight-shoota)

compiler

• (codegen) Drop Compiler#fork_codegen (#16417, thanks @straight-shoota)

other

• Fix deprecation warnings in samples (#17342, thanks @HertzDevil)

Performance

stdlib

• (networking) Optimize HTTP.header_name (#14503, thanks @jgaskins)
• (runtime) Keep decoded backtrace lines into LRU cache (#17285, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (text) Optimize String#byte_index(Int) (#17303, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (text) Optimize String#gsub(String) and #scan(String) (#17305, thanks @HertzDevil)

Refactor

stdlib

• (collection) Optimize buffer size in Enum.parse? with StringLiteral#bytesize (#17193, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Refactor Socket::IPAddress interface index conversion (#17250, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (networking) Refactor RequestProcessor#process to receive a single IO (#17461, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (numeric) Use unchecked arithmetic in compiler-rt ports (#17180, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (numeric) Use native UInt128 in Dragonbox (#16262, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (numeric) Format Int MINand MAX constants as hex numbers (#17352, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (numeric) Use 128-bit literals (#5545, thanks @Sija)
• (runtime) Execution contexts directly enqueue fibers during event loop runs (#17158, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Add Runnables#lazy_grab? to skip the mutex on quick dequeue (#17151, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Refactor file lock (#17105, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) Refactor Exception::CallStack.decode_backtrace_frame (#17282, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (runtime) DWARF: scan sections instead of building large tables (#17283, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (text) Refactor Char::Reader#next_char and ivar initialization (#17383, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (time) Change Time.zero to create new instance instead of returning ZERO (#17216, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (time) Replace Time::Span::ZERO with .zero (#17217, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (time) Use Time::Span#to_seconds etc. (#17259, thanks @straight-shoota)

compiler

• Refactor Program#define_crystal_constants (#17268, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (codegen) Remove Crystal::LLVMBuilderHelper#llvm_size and friends (#17452, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (semantic) Refactor RangeLiteral#each (#17195, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (semantic) Refactor #interpret_to_range (#17227, thanks @straight-shoota)

other

• Remove unnecessary requires (#17306, thanks @straight-shoota)
• Do not use relative requires for the standard library (#17320, thanks @HertzDevil)

Documentation

stdlib

• (collection) Fix doc example for Hash#put (#17459, thanks @spuun)
• (concurrency) Clarify docs for Channel buffered channel close and drain semantics (#17423, thanks @renich)
• (numeric) Fix typo in doc comment for Int (#17238, thanks @swsch)
• (runtime) Undocument internal GC methods (#17451, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (serialization) Mention #to_pretty_json in JSON documentation (#17131, thanks @LaskaIDK)
• (specs) Fix summary line of Spec::Expectations#be docs (#17556, thanks @SatvikMishra08)
• (system) Document error behaviour for Dir.mkdir and .mkdir_p (#17240, thanks @LaskaIDK)

compiler

• (cli) Fix short option order in docs help (#17129, thanks @kojix2)

other

• Fix typos in doc comments (#17244, thanks @swsch)

Specs

stdlib

• (networking) Reorganize HTTP::Request spec (#17166, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Add more specs for HTTP::Request (#17218, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Assert return value of Socket#sendfile (#17292, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (networking) Fix: link-local zone interface fails with ENXIO on Solaris targets (#17371, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (networking) Fix getaddrinfo with AF_UNSPEC failing with EAI_ADDRFAMILY on FreeBSD (#17358, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (networking) Fix: loopback interface may not be the first interface (#17359, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (networking) Fix: disable dual stack specs on FreeBSD and DragonFly (#17411, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (networking) Add spec for explicit decompressing HTTP request body [follow-up #17476] (#17531, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (numeric) Add specs for Big* types compaing against float infinity (#17224, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (runtime) Relax threshold for sleep spec with libevent (#17232, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (system) Add process-utils for testing process execution (#17047, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (system) Always ignore %PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE% when running Process specs on MSVC (#17362, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (system) Add spec for FileUtils.ln_sf replacing a dangling symlink (#17289, thanks @SAY-5)
• (text) Improve specs for Char::Reader (#17354, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (text) Add regression spec for multibyte String#split separator (#17338, thanks @wangyusheng1985)

compiler

• Refactor new_program spec helper to concat program flags (#17356, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (parser) Remove obsolete FIXMEs for array literal parsing (#17347, thanks @straight-shoota)

Infrastructure

• Update previous Crystal release 1.21.0 (#17137, thanks @straight-shoota)
• Makefile: Add build and manpages targets (#17142, thanks @straight-shoota)
• Makefile: Remove all target from help (alias for crystal) (#17157, thanks @straight-shoota)
• Update devenv.lock (#17147, #17210, #17245, #17253, #17290, #17330, #17379, #17415, #17181, #17143, thanks @crysbot)
• Enable FIXME rules in rumdl.toml configuration (#17171, thanks @straight-shoota)
• Update distribution-scripts (#17178, thanks @straight-shoota)
• Update crystal version in shard.yml (#17351, thanks @straight-shoota)
• bin/crystal: Avoid symlinks in CRYSTAL_PATH (#17355, thanks @straight-shoota)
• Fix update-changelog.sh for patch releases (#17479, thanks @straight-shoota)
• Merge release/1.21@1.21.1 into master (#17526, thanks @straight-shoota)
• devenv: Remove actionlint because it's broken (#17527, thanks @straight-shoota)
• renovate: Add custom config for updating shards repo checkout ([#17547], thanks @straight-shoota)
• Support ARM64 for the MSVC-based toolchain's GUI installer (#17398, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Fix Inno Setup download URL (#17135, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (ci) Update GH Actions (#17185, #17336, #17427, #17458, #17146, #17512, thanks @renovate)
• (ci) Update cachix/install-nix-action action to v31.11.1 (#17252, thanks @renovate)
• (ci) Upgrade runner to windows-11-vs2026-arm (#17267, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (ci) Limit forward-compatibility to last 8 releases (#17332, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (ci) Fix allow unsafe PR checkout in backport workflow (#17340, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (ci) Switch uses: in GHA workflows to self-repository syntax (#17513, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (ci) run std specs on FreeBSD 14 (#17361, thanks @ysbaddaden)
• (ci) Run smoke tests on changes that affect codegen (#17545, thanks @straight-shoota)
• (ci) Use newer GitHub Action to set up MSVC developer command prompt (#17396, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Update MSVC CI library versions (#17301, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Use explicit development branch version number for LLVM CI (#17497, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Drop macos-14 runner on GitHub CI (#17532, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Bootstrap ARM64 MSVC-based Crystal compiler (#17154, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Use clang-cl to build OpenSSL for ARM64 MSVC CI (#17251, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Build stage-2 compiler on ARM64 MSVC CI (#17363, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Use Cygwin to build libffi for MSVC CI (#17163, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Split MSVC CI third-party libraries onto own workflow (#17287, thanks @HertzDevil)
• (ci) Set up NASM manually on MSVC CI (#17429, thanks @HertzDevil)