| Category | Description | Key System Calls |
|---|---|---|
| Process Management | System calls for creating, controlling, and terminating processes. | fork, execve, waitpid, exit, kill, getpid, getppid, nice, sched_setscheduler, sched_getscheduler |
| Memory Management | System calls for allocating and managing memory regions. | mmap, munmap, brk, sbrk, mprotect, mlock, munlock |
| File System | System calls for interacting with files and directories. | open, close, read, write, lseek, stat, fstat, access, chmod, chown, truncate, unlink, mkdir, rmdir, rename, link, symlink, readlink, mount, umount |
| Inter-Process Communication (IPC) | System calls that allow different processes to communicate and synchronize with each other. | Pipes: pipe, Message Queues: msgget, msgsnd, msgrcv, msgctl, Shared Memory: shmget, shmat, shmdt, shmctl, Semaphores: semget, semop, semctl, Sockets: socket, bind, listen, accept, connect, send, recv, close (also used for network communication) |
| Signal Handling | System calls for managing signals, which are asynchronous notifications sent to a process to indicate events. | signal, sigaction, kill, raise, pause, sigprocmask, sigsuspend, sigpending |
| Device I/O | System calls for interacting with hardware devices. Files are often used as an abstraction for devices in Linux. | ioctl (general device control), read, write (on device files), mmap (for memory-mapped device I/O) |
| Networking | System calls specifically for network communication. (Note: Sockets are also a form of IPC). | socket, bind, listen, accept, connect, send, recv, sendto, recvfrom, getsockname, getpeername, setsockopt, getsockopt, shutdown |
| Time Management | System calls for getting and setting the system time and timers. | time, gettimeofday, settimeofday, nanosleep, alarm, timer_create, timer_settime, timer_gettime, timer_delete |
| User and Group IDs | System calls for getting and setting user and group identifiers associated with a process. | getuid, geteuid, setuid, seteuid, getgid, getegid, setgid, setegid, getgroups, setgroups |
| System Information | System calls for retrieving various information about the system. | uname, gethostname, sysinfo, sysconf, pathconf |
| Security | System calls related to security features and access control. | chmod, chown, access, setuid, seteuid, setgid, setegid, capget, capset (capabilities), prctl (process control with security-related options) |
| Real-time Extensions | System calls that provide real-time scheduling and memory locking capabilities. | sched_setscheduler (with real-time policies), sched_getparam, sched_setparam, mlock, munlock, mlockall, munlockall, timer_create (with CLOCK_REALTIME or CLOCK_MONOTONIC), timer_settime |
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