stdio

File-descriptor-level capture and redirection of stdout/stderr for Dart — including the output that native/FFI code and child processes write straight to the descriptors, bypassing Dart's stream objects entirely. POSIX (Linux + macOS).

dup2 moves the OS file descriptors 1 and 2 themselves, so it catches every writer in the process — Dart print, a C library's fprintf(stderr, …), a Go runtime's log, a raw write(1, …), and child processes that inherit the descriptors. It's the Dart analog of Python's wurlitzer.

import 'package:stdio/stdio.dart';

final cap = await Stdio.capture(() {
  greetFromC();       // C printf → write(1), invisible to zones/IOOverrides
  print('and dart');
});
print(cap.out);       // "hello from C\nand dart"

Why not just replace stdout?

Because a managed runtime and a C/Go library loaded into it share the same underlying file descriptor, but native code holds its own FILE*/runtime writer, not Dart's stdout object. Replacing Dart's stdout (or a zone's print, or IOOverrides) cannot, in principle, catch native output — it writes to the descriptor, underneath the language. The only thing that catches it is moving the descriptor itself. That's what this package does.

Where that matters:

• Testing native code — assert on what a C/Rust/Go dependency prints, or keep its chatter out of your test output.
• Taming a noisy dependency — reroute a library that logs to stderr into a file (or your own logger) without patching it.
• Unified capture — collect everything a process emits, subprocesses included, in one place for a log pipeline.
• Interactive programs — a full-screen app owns fd 1, so one stray native log line corrupts the display; capture it first and keep a clean channel to the terminal (see Keeping a live terminal).

Quick start

Three entry points, shaped like Process.start / Process.run:

import 'package:stdio/stdio.dart';

// 1. Scoped — capture exactly one body, get the transcript AND its value back:
final cap = await Stdio.capture<int>(() {
  greetFromC();
  print('and dart');
  return 42;
});
print(cap.out);          // both lines; cap.err / cap.lines / cap.value for more

// 2. Session — capture until you stop:
final capture = await Stdio.start();
capture.output.listen((l) => log('${l.stream.name}: ${l.text}'));
// … run the noisy code …
final result = await capture.stop();   // restores fd 1/2, returns the transcript

// 3. Redirect — no capture, just point fd 1/2 at a file:
final redirect = await Stdio.redirectToFile(File('service.log'));
// … native noise now lands in the file, in exact merged order …
await redirect.stop();

One rule ties the vocabulary together: capture brings the bytes to you, mirror sends a copy elsewhere while you capture, and redirect sends them away instead of to you. Picking an entry point:

You want	Use
Assert on / collect one body's output (and its return value)	Stdio.capture(body)
Observe output live until you say stop	Stdio.start()
…plus a durable file copy of every captured line (tee)	start(mirrorToFile: …)
…plus the parent process still receiving the raw byte stream	start(mirrorToOriginal: true)
Output into a file, nothing observed in-process, zero overhead — prog >log 2>&1 from inside	Stdio.redirectToFile(file)

Lines arrive as bytes (CapturedLine.bytes) with a lazy, replacement-safe UTF-8 .text view (one trailing \r tidied away), tagged stdout/stderr, with a monotonic per-session seq, plus history (what was captured before you subscribed) and drop accounting. ANSI codes pass through untouched. capture() takes the same historyLines / maxLineBytes / mirrorToFile / classify options as start(). Note that redirectToFile moves both descriptors — stdout and stderr land in the file, and nothing reaches the terminal until its stop().

Keeping a live terminal

A session keeps a dup of the original fd 1 — the real terminal — so you can still write to it while everything else is captured. capture.terminal is an IOSink onto that saved descriptor:

final capture = await Stdio.start(
  mirrorToFile: File('debug.log'),        // durable copy of every captured line
);

capture.output.listen((l) => showSomewhere(l));   // captured stdout/stderr
capture.terminal.write(renderedFrame);            // …still reaches the screen

capture.terminal is a StdoutTerminalSink — an IOSink with the terminal accessors (size, isatty, the raw fd) and a concrete dart:io Stdout, so it drops into APIs that require either; capture.terminalStderr is the saved fd 2 counterpart for consumers that keep the stdout/stderr split. (mirrorToFile must point at a regular file: a FIFO with no reader would block start() forever — POSIX open-for-write semantics.)

The inverse of rendering is forwarding: start(mirrorToOriginal: true) mirrors every captured raw chunk back to wherever fd 1/2 originally pointed — byte-transparent and split-intact, written off the main isolate and never blocking (a stalled target gets a bounded backlog, then counted drops on mirrorDroppedBytes). That's for sessions whose original descriptors carry no rendered frames, e.g. a served/agent app whose parent still wants the live byte stream while the capture feeds the in-app view.

To hand the terminal to a child process (an $EDITOR, a pager) and take it back without ending the session — useful well beyond any UI:

await capture.pause();   // restore fd 1/2 to the real terminal for the child
await (await Process.start(
  editor, [file], mode: ProcessStartMode.inheritStdio,
)).exitCode;
await capture.resume();  // re-capture; the session stayed live throughout

Child processes you start through the session are tagged and merged: capture.startProcess('worker', [], source: 'worker') labels every line with source: 'worker' and returns a CapturedProcess — the process plus a drained future that completes when its output is fully delivered (await it before a stop() that must include the child's tail). adopt() does the same for a process you started yourself. Children spawned with inheritStdio are captured automatically (they inherit the redirected descriptors), just untagged.

What it does / doesn't

• Does: capture (start / capture) and redirect (redirectToFile) of stdout and stderr at the descriptor level; line assembly with tags, history, and drop accounting; a saved-terminal handle; child-process tagging.
• Doesn't touch stdin. fd 0 is left alone — an interactive program keeps reading input exactly as before. (fd-level stdin injection — the mirror image, for feeding scripted input in tests — is a natural future addition; it just isn't here yet.)
• Doesn't parse or colorize. Lines are bytes with a lazy .text view; ANSI passes through.
• No Windows, no web. See Platform.

Semantics & guarantees

• Backpressure is bounded and never blocks. A dedicated reader isolate drains the pipes continuously — even while your main isolate is stalled — so a writer can't block on a full pipe. Under a storm it drops oldest; droppedLines / droppedBytes count exactly the lines missing from history (reader-side drops plus history-ring evictions — evicted lines were still delivered to live subscribers). It never OOMs or deadlocks.
• Lines are bounded too. A writer that never emits a newline can't grow memory: runs longer than maxLineBytes (default 64 KiB) are delivered split into cap-sized pieces — split, not dropped.
• Restore is explicit + best-effort. stop() restores fd 1/2, and capture() calls it in a finally, so scoped exceptions restore too. The package deliberately installs no signal handlers (a library grabbing SIGINT would fight the app's own handling); if you exit on signals, wire your handler to call stop(). Nothing can restore after SIGKILL, abort(), or a segfault — but fd redirection is process-local, so a crash leaves the parent shell untouched.
• One capture at a time. fd redirection is process-global; a second start() / capture() throws StateError, and Stdio.anyActive is the advisory probe for components coordinating around that. Call the entry points from the main isolate only (the guard is isolate-local; the redirection is not). Tests using capture() must run serially if they assert on process stdio.
• Tag XOR exact cross-stream order. Two pipes keep the stdout/stderr tag, so each stream is exact within itself but the combined output is only approximately interleaved across streams. Faithful byte order is available where it's natural — redirectToFile merges both onto one file.
• Bytes are the source of truth. CapturedLine.bytes is primary; .text is a lazily-decoded (replacement-safe) convenience.
• Tagged children ride the main event loop. startProcess / adopt deliver through Dart streams on the main isolate — if main stalls, the child gets backpressured (its pipe fills), unlike fd 1/2 writers which the reader isolate drains regardless. An inheritStdio child gets the never-blocks guarantee instead, at the cost of arriving untagged.
• Stopping under a live inherited child: after stop() closes the pipes, a child still writing to its inherited fd 1/2 gets EPIPE / SIGPIPE on the next write — inherent to fd capture (wurlitzer behaves the same). Wind children down first when you can.
• Don't pause a subscription. A paused broadcast subscription buffers events unboundedly (Dart stream semantics). Slow consumers should sample history.
• After stop(), terminal / terminalStderr are invalid (the saved fd is closed), and startProcess / adopt / pause / resume throw StateError. stop() also restores the descriptors' original file-status flags, so a mirror session can't leave fd 1/2 (or a shared tty) accidentally non-blocking.
• Reader death degrades loudly, not silently. If the reader isolate dies mid-session the line streams close (listeners get onDone), the cause lands on readerError — and fd 1/2 are restored immediately, so your writes can't wedge on pipes nobody drains. stop() still tears down normally. (If a wedged-but-alive reader forces stop()'s drain timeout instead, teardown deliberately leaks the reader-side fds rather than closing descriptors a blocked syscall may still be using.)
• /dev/tty-direct writes escape (rare), and native stdio may block-buffer a stdout writer when it's redirected to a pipe (well-behaved tools detect the non-tty and switch to line buffering or plain logs).

Platform

POSIX only — Linux and macOS, exercised on arm64 and x86-64. No Windows (a SetStdHandle / _dup2 port would be a separate implementation behind the same API). No web (no file descriptors). Flutter desktop on macOS/Linux shares the same VM and should work; mobile is untested, and Android/iOS system logging mostly bypasses fd 1/2 anyway.

To check the package against your own platform/terminal setup, run the self-contained verification harness: dart run stdio:verify — it exercises capture, storms, restore ordering, and pause/resume, and prints ALL CHECKS PASSED on stderr when everything holds.

Design

dup(1) / dup(2) save the original descriptors; two pipes take fd 1 and fd 2 (dup2); a reader isolate polls both plus a self-pipe control channel (credit + stop — flow control without an event loop, since the reader blocks in poll()), assembles lines on 0x0A, and ships credit-bounded batches to the main isolate. stop() restores fd 1/2, then EOFs the reader, drains to completion, then closes — in that order, so nothing in flight is lost and no writer sees EPIPE. All FFI (dup / dup2 / pipe / read / write / close / fcntl / ioctl / poll / isatty / open), one dependency (package:ffi).

Porting note learned the hard way: open, fcntl, and ioctl are variadic in C. On arm64 macOS a fixed-arity FFI binding passes the third argument in a register while the callee reads the varargs area of the stack — so F_SETFL sets random flags and TIOCGWINSZ reads a garbage pointer, intermittently. Variadic syscalls must be bound with dart:ffi's VarArgs, and setNonBlocking verifies the flag actually took (a silently-blocking read end would defeat the reader's no-deadlock guarantee).

Related work

• Python's wurlitzer — the same fd-level technique, and the direct inspiration.
• Dart's zones / IOOverrides — capture Dart-level writes only; native and child output is invisible to them by construction.
• package:posix and friends expose raw dup2, but nothing in the ecosystem owned the whole problem (drain isolate, backpressure, restore ordering, line assembly, terminal handle) before this package.