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Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange II (ABIDE II)

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Resting-State fMRI, Structural MRI, and Extended Phenotyping for Autism Research
data-indi/abide2

The Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange II (ABIDE II) expands upon the success of ABIDE I by assembling an even larger and more richly characterized neuroimaging sample for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Released in June 2016, ABIDE II was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH107045) and brings together over 1,100 MRI datasets contributed by 19 research sites worldwide.

ABIDE II strengthens the foundation for discovery-based ASD neuroscience by:

  • increasing sample size,
  • improving phenotypic depth,
  • broadening age ranges and symptom characterization, and
  • providing rare longitudinal data for a subset of participants.

All datasets follow HIPAA and 1000 Functional Connectomes Project / INDI anonymization guidelines.

Dataset Overview

  • Total MRI datasets: 1,114
    • ASD: 521
    • Typically developing controls (TD): 593
  • Age range: 5–64 years
  • Sites: 19 institutions (10 charter + 7 new contributors)
  • Phenotyping: Expanded clinical detail for ASD and comorbid symptoms
  • Longitudinal samples:
    • 38 individuals scanned twice, 1–4 years apart (two collections)

Modalities available:

  • Resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI)
  • T1-weighted anatomical MRI
  • Quality metrics for MRI acquisition
  • Extended phenotypic profiles

The improved phenotyping in ABIDE II enables more precise analyses of ASD heterogeneity, symptom dimensions, and developmental biomarkers.

Scientific Motivation

ABIDE I showed that multi-site R-fMRI aggregation is feasible and scientifically valuable.
However, ASD presents deep heterogeneity across genetics, behavior, and neurobiology.

ABIDE II was created to:

  • Build larger, more diverse, and better-characterized cohorts
  • Support robust machine learning and biomarker discovery
  • Enable finer-grained connectome analyses across development
  • Provide longitudinal views of ASD brain development
  • Promote open, reproducible neuroscience

The expanded dataset addresses the complexity of ASD by integrating broader symptom measures, refined behavioral assessments, and larger sample sizes, fostering discovery across biological, clinical, and computational domains.

Data Access & Licensing

Consistent with the 1000 Functional Connectomes Project / INDI, ABIDE II data are:

  • Free for non-commercial research use
  • Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike License (CC BY-NC-SA)
  • Downloadable through NITRC, requiring:
    • A registered NITRC account
    • Registration with the 1000 FCP / INDI site
    • Authentication before download (required to avoid permission errors)

Available Files

  • ABIDE II Composite Phenotypic File
  • Longitudinal Phenotypic File
  • Phenotypic Data Legend
  • Imaging Data
    • Site-specific R-fMRI and T1w datasets
    • MRI data quality metrics
  • QC resources

For technical issues, refer to the INDI forums.

Participating Sites (19 Institutions)

  • Barrow Neurological Institute
  • Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam
  • ETH Zürich
  • Georgetown University
  • Indiana University
  • Institut Pasteur & Robert Debré Hospital
  • Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
  • Kennedy Krieger Institute
  • NYU Langone Medical Center — Sample 1
  • NYU Langone Medical Center — Sample 2
  • Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center (Hartford Hospital)
  • Oregon Health & Science University
  • Trinity Centre for Health Sciences
  • San Diego State University
  • Stanford University
  • University of California Davis
  • University of California Los Angeles
  • University of Miami
  • University of Utah School of Medicine

Longitudinal Cohorts

  • University of California Los Angeles (Longitudinal Sample)
  • University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Longitudinal Sample)

Notes for This Repository

The data-indi/abide2 release includes:

  • Harmonized phenotypic tables
  • Optional QC tables (qc.tsv)
  • DSI Studio–ready derivatives (*.sz, *.gqi.fz, *.qsdr.fz) when DWI is available
  • Standardized folder layout matching ABIDE I and other INDI datasets in the Fiber Data Hub

Raw archives, DICOM collections, and original site-level structures are available via NITRC for users who need complete imaging packages.

Acknowledgements

ABIDE II was supported by:

  • National Institute of Mental Health — NIMH R21MH107045
  • Additional contributions from the Nathan S. Kline Institute and the Child Mind Institute
  • Philanthropic gifts from Joseph P. Healey, Phyllis Green, and Randolph Cowen

We acknowledge the ABIDE II directors (Adriana Di Martino, Michael P. Milham), the INDI team, the participating institutions, and all researchers who contributed data.

Citation

Please cite ABIDE II and all relevant site-level funding sources when using these data.
All ABIDE publications and updates are available on the INDI / ABIDE website.

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