[v3] Implement new Concept Exercise: basics

[silvanocerza]

This issue describes how to implement the basics concept exercise for the C++ track.

Getting started

Please please please read the docs before starting. Posting PRs without reading these docs will be a lot more frustrating for you during the review cycle, and exhaust Exercism's maintainers' time. So, before diving into the implementation, please read up on the following documents:

• The features of v3.
• Rationale for v3.
• What are concept exercise and how they are structured?

Please also watch the following video:

• The Anatomy of a Concept Exercise.

Goal

The goal of this exercise is to teach the student basic concepts of the C++ language.

Learning objectives

• Know what a variable is.
• Know how to define a variable.
• Know how to update a variable.
• Know how to use type inference for variables.
• Know how to define a method.
• Know how to return a value from a method.
• Know how to call a method.
• Know that methods must be defined in classes.
• Know about the public access modifier.
• Know about the static modifier.
• Know how to define an integer.
• Know how to use mathematical operators on integers.
• Know how to define single- and multiline comments.

Out of scope

• Naming rules for identifiers.
• Generic values.
• Memory and performance characteristics.
• Method overloads.
• Lambda's.
• Classes.
• Organizing methods in namespaces.
• Visibility.

Concepts

• basics: know what a variable is; know how to define a variable; know how to update a variable; know how to use type inference for variables; know how to define a method; know how to return a value from a method; know how to call a method; know that methods must be defined in classes; know about the public access modifier; know about the static modifier; know how to defined an integer; know how to use mathematical operators on integers; know how to define single and multiline comments.

Prerequisites

There are no prerequisites.

Resources to refer to

None.

Hints

• How to define an integer.
• How to define a method without any arguments.
• How to return an integer from a function.
• How to add or subtract integers using arithmetic operators.
• How to invoke a function.

After

• More information on the auto keyword.
• More info on the assignment operators.
• More info on classes.
• Introduction of the static keyword.
• More information on scoping.
• Difference between methods and functions.
• More info on [commenting syntax][comment].

Representer

This exercise does not require any specific representation logic to be added to the representer.

Analyzer

This exercise does not require any specific analyzer logic to be added to the analyzer.

Implementing

To implement this exercise, please follow these instructions.

[vaeng]

There is a basic concept since 2023 that covers many of the aspects above.