test: Add streaming sample_rand propagation tests

[sentrivana]

Description

Issues

Part of #5395

Reminders

• Please add tests to validate your changes, and lint your code using uv run ruff.
• Add GH Issue ID & Linear ID (if applicable)
• PR title should use conventional commit style (feat:, fix:, ref:, meta:)
• For external contributors: CONTRIBUTING.md, Sentry SDK development docs, Discord community

[github-actions]

Codecov Results 📊

✅ 90075 passed | ⏭️ 6302 skipped | Total: 96377 | Pass Rate: 93.46% | Execution Time: 312m 49s

📊 Comparison with Base Branch

Metric	Change
Total Tests	📈 +30
Passed Tests	📈 +30
Failed Tests	—
Skipped Tests	—

All tests are passing successfully.

✅ Patch coverage is 100.00%. Project has 2438 uncovered lines.
✅ Project coverage is 89.77%. Comparing base (base) to head (head).

Coverage diff

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##          main       #PR       +/-##
==========================================
+ Coverage    89.74%    89.77%    +0.03%
==========================================
  Files          192       192         —
  Lines        23823     23823         —
  Branches      8226      8226         —
==========================================
+ Hits         21378     21385        +7
- Misses        2445      2438        -7
- Partials      1349      1349         —

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