runtime: cgo callback on extra M treated as external code after nested cgo callback returns [1.23 backport]

[gopherbot]

@prattmic requested issue #72870 to be considered for backport to the next 1.23 minor release.

@gopherbot Please backport to 1.23 and 1.24. This bug can cause arbitrary crashes when CPU profiling is enabled.

[gopherbot]

Change https://go.dev/cl/658055 mentions this issue: [release-branch.go1.23] runtime: only set isExtraInC if there are no Go frames left

[prattmic]

A cherry-pick of https://go.dev/cl/658415 is also required to skip the new test on ports with broken profiling.

Edit: done, see below

[gopherbot]

Change https://go.dev/cl/658435 mentions this issue: [release-branch.go1.23] runtime: skip TestCgoCallbackPprof on platforms with broken profiling

[gopherbot]

Closed by merging CL 658055 (commit c855149) to release-branch.go1.23.