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History / FDM Part IX Specialty Engineering

Revisions

  • Accuracy pass 4: fix 81 audit findings; retire the Changelog page Implements the independent 2026-07-10 full-content audit of every content page: 81 findings, 0 Critical / 5 High / 26 Medium / 50 Low, applied in the report's remediation order. The Changelog page is retired (below), so this message is the finding-level record of the pass. `make check` passes: source hygiene; cross-references and manifest coverage (228 sections, 71 tables); brand index (44 rows). High findings: - H-1 III §7.4 Tough PETG recast around doubled notched impact (PolyMax printed Charpy 11.6 kJ/m2 XY); resin-basis "elongation 100%+" removed - H-2 V §11.5 FormFutura Centaur PP nozzle 200-240 -> 245-270 C per vendor guidance; Table 11.3 envelope widened with L-19 - H-3 VI §14.6 Unsourced "Bambu PPA-GF companion (late 2025/26)" claim deleted - no product page, announcement, or reseller listing exists (report offered delete-or-replace; delete chosen) - H-4 VIII §16.9-16.10 colorFabb varioShore TPU added as the reference consumer foaming TPU (sold since 2020); "single-supplier market" claim rewritten as two-supplier; activation now vendor-specific (Siraya ~225-240 C, varioShore ~200-250 C); varioShore ledgered in D.6 - H-5 VIII + A.1 PEBA continuous service 100-120 -> 70-90 C with the stiffest grades ~100 C short-term, in chapter prose, Table 16.3, and Appendix A.1 together; TPEE now clearly ranks above PEBA per §16.11 Medium findings: - M-1 I §1.2 material jetting is not powder-bed: "(SLS, MJF), material jetting (MJ)" - M-2 III §8.1 Spectrum and Fiberlogy dropped from the Tritan-class list (their published HDT matches generic CHDM-rich PCTG) - M-3 V §11.5 UltiMaker PP 220-240/80-100 -> 205-220/85-100 C; the unverifiable "fan 50%" figure dropped (verify-or-drop) - M-4 V T11.4 food-contact note scoped to Centaur (natural) and Fillamentum; explicitly not UltiMaker (TDS: non-suitable) - M-5 V §11.5 Prusament PP family de-inverted: PP-GF is the stronger, lower-cost-per-kg choice; PP-CF holds the higher HDT - M-6 V §12.1 HDPE split per product: Braskem FL300PE density ~0.95, 210-230 C; Spectrum (filled Low-Warp) density 1.1, 260-290 C - M-7 V T11.2 unfilled-PP envelope widened to cover the surveyed soft copolymers (tensile 10-25 MPa, modulus 0.25-1.4 GPa, HDT 51-100 C, Shore D 42-72, elongation 100-800+) - M-8 V §11.8 PP sanding: PLA/PETG gumming equivalence dropped; low-RPM advice kept, wet sanding reframed as dust control - M-9 VI T14.1 PA9T saturation ~2.5-3.2 -> ~1.2-2% (Kuraray positions PA9T as the low-absorption member; family ordering preserved) - M-10 VI §14.6 dry/wet comparison re-attributed to the Bambu product page; TDS V1.0 cited for dry values only; caption "100% infill" - M-11 VI T13.1 CoPA saturation ~5-8 -> ~8-10% (parent-level amide density, lower crystallinity; Ultramid C33 L 10.5%) - M-12 VII + A.1 GP PC blends HDT @ 0.45 MPa 95-145 -> 105-120 C (the 145 endpoint was Tg leaking into the HDT column) - M-13 VII/VIII/App C/D.1 "Forward AM (BASF)" -> Forward AM Technologies (ex-BASF; acquired by Stratasys, 2025) - M-14 IX §17.3 PVDF processing -> ~235-265 C (FluorX 245-265, ceiling 290); margin-to-degradation arithmetic restated - M-15 X §18.1 PPS chemical resistance restricted to solvents; oxidizing acids (nitric, peroxy; extended HCl service) attack PPS - M-16 X §18.1 PPS tensile -> ~60-110 MPa printed XY (10%-CF grades print in the 60s) - M-17 X §18.2 autoclave claim qualified: PPSU's differentiator is cycle life under load + validated record; PP serves low-stress 121 C cycles - M-18 X §19.1 PEEK annealing 140-200 -> ~160-200 C (typical 200 C hold); crystallization cannot proceed at or below Tg 143 C - M-19 X §19.4 PEKK service split: crystallized 220-240 C; as-printed amorphous PEKK-A is Tg-limited to ~140-150 C - M-20 XI §21.2 PCL -> ~100-140 C by grade (Facilan PCL 100 ~120 C); pen grades 80-100 C - M-21 XI §21.3 Polymaker PolySmooth/PolyCast added as the original, globally distributed PVB smoothing ecosystem (Polysher) - M-22 XII §25.1 IDEX corrected: two parts at once (duplication/mirror) or one part with two materials via alternating heads; carriages share a gantry - M-23 XII §23.4 EM verification tolerance +-0.5% -> +-2% (coherent with hand-caliper resolution; report offered +-2% or a micrometer) - M-24 A.1 filled-PP continuous service 100 -> "~80-90, grade-dependent" with new note (g) citing Tables 11.2/11.4 - M-25 D.1/D.3 basf-forward-am.com -> forward-am.com (both occurrences) - M-26 D.4 UL 2904 cited at 2nd edition (2023); 1st edition (2019) noted as superseded Low findings: - L-1 I §2.2 PPA diacid: terephthalic and/or isophthalic (phthalic-acid isomers), not phthalic acid proper - L-2 I T3.1 fiber loading raises moisture pickup rate, not capacity - L-3 I §1.3 tier-2 makers: Celanese (ex-DuPont), Syensqo (ex-Solvay) - L-4 I §3.6 + XII T26.2 PLA anneal HDT split by grade: nucleated/HTPLA ~110-120 C; commodity ~85-110 C; high-D grades respond little - L-5 I §5.1 UL 2904 rebucketed: government guidance and consensus standards - L-6 I §2.1 terephthalic-acid "TPA" spelled out at point of use (ISO 18064 TPA collision stays flagged in the glossary) - L-7 III T7.2 HDglass positioned as separate from FormFutura's X-line - L-8 III §7.4 AthenaX "alongside" ApolloX/TitanX, not "a step above" - L-9 III §8.1/T8.1 both diol homopolymers are crystalline (PCT Tm ~285 C); only the mixed-diol mid-range is amorphous - L-10 III §9.1 crystalline-PET example narrowed to CPET oven trays - L-11 III + VII "Schlieren texture" -> spherulitic haze - L-12 V T11.1 FL900PP-CF moved to the PP-CF row; recycled content is the carbon fiber, not the PP matrix - L-13 V §11.1 FL900PP -> FL900PP-CF; "all explicitly built on PP copolymer matrices" softened - L-14 IV ASA typical window widened to ~240-270 C / 75-110 C bed (PolyLite ASA included); Table 10.1 range note aligned - L-15 V §11.5 Recreus primer documented for glass (not PEI); reversed PPprint lineage claim dropped; PP3D treated as current - L-16 V T11.4 "lowest-density fiber-reinforced structural filament" - L-17 V §11.4 adhesion solutions "mostly" PP-on-PP; Magigoo PP is the exception (§11.7) - L-18 V intro "hardest widely available commodity filament to print" - L-19 V T11.3 unfilled-PP envelope 200-270 C nozzle / 20-105 C bed - L-20 VI §13.5 intro nozzle envelope 240-300 C (matches the PA66 row) - L-21 VI T14.5 3DXTech HTN+CF flex modulus -> ~9.5 GPa (TDS Rev 1.0, Aug 2025) - L-22 VI T14.5 Flashforge PPA-CF filled in: tensile 108-112 MPa, flex 6.5-7 GPa - L-23 VI §14.7 brand-variation claim softened; Flashforge/LUVOCOM 255-275 C low-temperature outlier flagged - L-24 VI T14.2 PPA filament Tg -> ~80-125, grade-dependent (footnote aligned) - L-25 VI §14.6 PAHT-CF "roughly a third" the cost of true PPA-CF - L-26 VII T15.1 PC-PBT tensile 42 -> 50.4 MPa (TDS V5.4); PolyMax PC HDT filled: 114 C (99 C @ 1.8 MPa) - L-27 VII T15.1 caption: only Prusament publishes yield-basis values - L-28 VII T15.5 ESD-PC tensile -> ~68-75 MPa (printed) - L-29 VII §15.1 Trinseo Calibre qualified as legacy (exited virgin PC production Jan 2025; recycled focus) - L-30 VIII + A.3 PEBA bed 50-60 -> 50-90 C (Flexfill PEBA 90A: 70-90) - L-31 VIII §16.10 PEBA entry points extended: eSun and SainSmart (90A), Siraya non-foaming 85A/95A - L-32 IX intro PVDF HF thresholds aligned: onset ~350 C, conservative SDS value ~315 C - L-33 IX §17.2 Delrin "(originally DuPont, divested 2023)" - L-34 X intro 110-150 C bed floor scoped to sulfones/PEI; PPS-CF beds run 80-120 C per §18.1 - L-35 X §19.2 PEKK-A stated as pseudo-amorphous on the 60/40 T/I basis; Tm ~305 C, crystallizable by annealing - L-36 X footnote corrected to CarbonX PEEK+CF / PEKK-A+CF (ThermaX is the unfilled line) - L-37 X T19.1 3DXTech PAEK pricing: $600-800/kg specialty tier; generic import PEEK $200-400/kg - L-38 XI §21.3 IPA-vs-acetone contrast reworded around handling and flammability, not regulatory status - L-39 XI §21.3 unfounded swellability -> weak-interlayer causal clause dropped; the adhesion observation kept - L-40 XI §21.1 allPHA high fan "to quench each layer" (crystallization), not for layer adhesion - L-41 XII §23.6 amorphous shrinkage 0.3-0.5 -> 0.2-0.5% - L-42 XII T24.2 3DLAC 3DNYLON is a nylon-specific brush-applicator liquid, not a spray - L-43 XII T25.1 PPS-CF chamber tier caveated "(product-dependent - see Table 24.1)" - L-44 XII §23.2 temperature-tower bands ~10 mm (was 30 mm) - L-45 XII T24.1 PHA bed "20 (cold-bed)-60" per the table's convention - L-46 A.2 PP notched-impact cells footnoted as Charpy-basis (note f) - L-47 A.3 PPA (unfilled) bed floor 80 -> 70 C (Siraya prints 70-80) - L-48 B.2 Spectrum PCTG CF 245 C bench value retained as measured; deviation below the vendor 250-270 C window annotated in the caption - L-49 A.3 PE/HDPE row added: 210-230 C (Braskem); 260-290 C (Spectrum Low-Warp); undocumented cells deliberately left "-" - L-50 A.2 PP-CF modulus "2.0-4.0 (to ~6.5, FL900PP-CF)" Beyond the audit's finding list: - Table 26.2's PEEK annealing row carried the same sub-Tg floor as M-18; synced to the corrected §19.1 (160-200 C, typical 200) - Appendix C: Forward AM row keeps the scanner-canonical short name with an ownership parenthetical (norm_name strips trailing parentheticals); Polymaker row gains Ch 21 (PolySmooth/PolyCast) - Table D.1 caption dates the forward-am.com correction to July 2026 - Appendix D.5 verification history: four passes / 173 findings Ledger and manifest: - D.6: Bambu PPA-CF row split (TDS V1.0 = dry values; product page = wet/comparison); ISO 18064 row upgraded to clause-verified (2022 ed., §6.4) - the TPS-H/TPS-N hedge from the external review is now confirmed against the standard's own text; colorFabb varioShore product-page row added - Source-Manifest: 14.6 -> versioned + ledgered; 16.1 -> versioned (caveat dropped); 16.5 notes the varioShore ledger row; Checked -> July 2026 for the tables edited in this pass Retire the Changelog page: - Changelog.md deleted; links removed from Home, _Sidebar, the contents page, README, Source-Manifest (maintenance duty and caption), and Appendix D.5 - Review passes are recorded in commit messages from here on; D.5 keeps the volume's compact verification history Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

    hyiger committed Jul 11, 2026
  • Fix 27 findings from the third accuracy review Major (factually wrong): - DiamondBack nozzles attributed to US Synthetic, not E3D, and described as PCD-tip rather than hardened steel (all five mentions, Parts I/III/IV/VI) - PE environmental-stress-cracking claim inverted: ESC is the classic PE failure mode; PP is the less ESC-prone polyolefin - PA66 nozzle split out to 280-300 C (260-280 was PA6-only, near-zero superheat over PA66's 255-265 C Tm) - HTN+CF un-grouped from "far above the prosumer envelope" (3DXTech's window sits inside Table 14.7); qualifier now FibreX-only - Nonexistent "PolyMax TPU95" replaced with PolyFlex TPU95-HF (Table 16.5 and Appendix C) - PVA dissolution bath split by model Tg: 25-35 C for PLA, 40-60 C only for PETG/ABS-on-BVOH - Polyolefin bonding now cites Loctite Plastics Bonding System (SF 770 primer + CA) and DP8010, not Plastic Bonder - PC/PTFE repositioned as the stiffness/heat step-up (PEEK for heat + chemistry) in Table 22.2 - PEBA 40D HDT corrected to ~45-55 C (80-95 belongs to 63D-72D grades); continuous service marked grade-dependent - PA6-CF density harmonized to 1.15-1.23 (~1.20 at 20% CF) Minor: PVB no longer classed as a biodegradable (Ch 21 retitled "Niche polymers"; ToC anchor updated); wood-filled PLA needs bore, not hardness; PC-blend tensile envelope matches its own tables (~40-65 MPa); FR-PC row sourced from Table 15.4 (HDT 86-113, tensile n/p); block-copolymer claim scoped to TPU/TPEE/PEBA; Bambu PPA-CF modulus ~1.3x PPA-CF average (2x vs PA6-CF class); PVDF HF onset attribution reconciled (316 C stability ceiling, ~350 C SDS decomposition, rapid by ~400 C); PPS ~120 C crystallization chamber correctly placed beyond Tier 3/entry Tier 4; POM bed surface "POM-coated sheet"; unsupported CryoGrip note dropped from PA6/PA66; PVDF removed from the 50-100 price tier; paint-vs-bonding primers untangled in 26.3; Porthcurno pointers fixed; Appendix C chapter pointers corrected for Kexcelled, BCN3D, Spectrum, FormFutura, Polymaker; Zytel/Delrin ownership updated (Celanese / Jordan Co). Unverified-softened: PCD-tip electrical-contact probing claim now "not vendor-guaranteed - confirm with the vendor" (Parts I and VI). Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

    hyiger committed Jul 9, 2026
  • Source hygiene: remove all 20,945 U+00AD soft hyphens, normalize heading spacing Mechanical cleanup per the publish-readiness review (P1/P3): - Strip every soft hyphen from the 14 content pages (verified byte-level: each file is exactly its previous content minus U+00AD). Fixes source search, browser find, copy/paste, screen-reader output, and diffs. - Insert a blank line before the 34 headings that directly followed a non-blank line, for renderer portability and lintability. - Add check-source-hygiene.sh so both regressions fail fast. No visible-text changes. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

    hyiger committed Jul 9, 2026
  • Fix 12 findings from the post-restructure accuracy review Three parallel reviewers (ISO 18064 primary sources, internal number consistency, git content-integrity audit) checked the restructured pages. Chapters 17-21 moved byte-for-byte and all prior fixes survived; findings clustered in the new ISO material and pre-existing drift the new consolidated table surfaced: High: - Table 27.1 still credited Forward AM with PEBA (missed instance of the earlier M15 fix) -> 3DXTech 3DXLABS, Fillamentum Medium: - TPA-ET gloss corrected: polyether soft segment per ISO 18064 6.1 (ether-ester is TPA-EE); Pebax mapping unchanged - TPS-SEBS is a 2003/2014-edition code; the 2022 edition restructured styrenic subclasses to TPS-H/TPS-N -- caption now says so - Hytrel is Celanese (ex-DuPont) since Nov 2022 - TPU/TPE bed bound reconciled across Table 16.4 / A.3 / Table 24.1 (40-70, 64D+ at the top end) - A.3 TPU/TPE row footnoted (f): 64D+ grades at 260 C exceed the Tier 1 nozzle ceiling and need Tier 2 hotend capability Low: - Part V EVA pointer no longer overpromises Chapter 16 coverage - Table 16.2 Bowden-capability cells harmonized with 16.5 - Table 16.4 caption no longer implies 23 covers retraction/cooling - 16.9 foaming density split by category (elastomers 30-50%; rigid foaming-PLA end up to 65%, Ch 6) - Appendix C: Primalloy dropped from Ch 16 listing; Fillamentum Flexfill PEBA 90A added (Ch 16) - TPV example notation updated to the 2022 style (PP + EPDM); Part IX scope line "near-universal" -> "broad" chemical resistance Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

    hyiger committed Jul 9, 2026
  • Restructure Parts VIII-XII: elastomers, specialty, high-temp, niche Split the Part VIII grab-bag into four parts, keeping chapter numbers 16-21 unchanged so every existing section/table cross-reference stays valid: - Part VIII - Thermoplastic elastomers (Ch 16) - Part IX - Specialty engineering thermoplastics: PMMA/POM/PVDF (Ch 17) - Part X - High-temperature polymers: PPS, sulfones, PEI, PAEK (Ch 18-19) - Part XI - Support and niche polymers (Ch 20-21) - Part XII - Cross-cutting workflows (Ch 22-28, renamed from Part IX) Chapter 16 reorganized around ISO 18064:2022 nomenclature: - New 16.1 explains that ISO defines TPE as the umbrella term for the whole category (TPU included), while spool labels use "TPE" as if it named a specific soft material - usually an unidentified styrenic (TPS/SEBS) or thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer (TPO). New Table 16.1 maps the seven ISO classes to market/trade names and FDM availability; chemistry sections tagged with ISO classes (TPU, TPC, TPA). - New 16.8 consolidated elastomer process-parameter table (Table 16.4), closing the gap flagged in the accuracy review (A.3 was previously the only source); values consolidate 16.5-16.7, A.3, and the B.2 bench profile. A.3 TPU nozzle widened to 220-260 C to cover the measured 64D profile. - Subsections renumbered 16.1-16.11, tables 16.1-16.5; internal references updated. Navigation updated throughout: sidebar, contents page and preface (Parts II-XI, Part XII), footer prev/next chains, Part I 1.1 elastomer family bullet now states the ISO 18064 umbrella. Old page URLs FDM-Part-VIII-Specialty-and-high-performance and FDM-Part-IX-Cross-cutting-workflows are superseded. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

    hyiger committed Jul 9, 2026