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Kenji Fukushima edited this page Jul 21, 2026 · 2 revisions

cdskit localize-learn

cdskit localize-learn trains a custom model for cdskit localize from a TSV table or from UniProt entries downloaded by query. It is useful when you have your own targeting/localization labels, or when you want to evaluate a training recipe with explicit cross-validation before using it for prediction.

The generated model can be used with:

cdskit localize \
  --seq_file proteins.faa \
  --seq_type protein \
  --model localize_model.json \
  --report localize.tsv

Input TSV

For explicit labels, prepare a tab-separated table with at least:

  • sequence: CDS or protein sequence.
  • localization: one of noTP, SP, mTP, cTP, or lTP.
  • peroxisome: yes or no.

Example:

accession	sequence	localization	peroxisome
seq_noTP	MAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGG	noTP	no
seq_SP	MKKLLLLLLLLLLAVAVAASAASA	SP	no
seq_mTP	MRRKRRAARAKRRNQAAARRRAA	mTP	no
seq_cTP	MSTSTSTTSTASSSAATSTASSTT	cTP	no
seq_lTP	MARRVAAARRLLLLLVVVVVAAST	lTP	no
seq_perox	MGPVNQDEGPVNQDEGPVNQDESKL	noTP	yes

Train a lightweight JSON model:

cdskit localize-learn \
  --training_tsv train.tsv \
  --seq_col sequence \
  --seq_type protein \
  --label_mode explicit \
  --localization_col localization \
  --perox_col peroxisome \
  --model_out localize_model.json \
  --report localize_learn_report.tsv

If --seq_type dna is used, sequences are translated in frame before training. With --seq_type auto, CDS-like rows are translated and protein-like rows are used directly.

UniProt Download

localize-learn can also download UniProt rows and infer labels from cc_subcellular_location text.

cdskit localize-learn \
  --uniprot_preset viridiplantae \
  --uniprot_query "keyword:Transit peptide" \
  --label_mode uniprot_cc \
  --seq_col sequence \
  --localization_col cc_subcellular_location \
  --uniprot_fields accession,sequence,cc_subcellular_location \
  --uniprot_exclude_fragments yes \
  --uniprot_out_tsv uniprot_download.tsv \
  --model_out localize_model.json \
  --report localize_learn_report.tsv

Useful UniProt options:

  • --uniprot_preset: restricts the query scope, for example viridiplantae, eukaryota, metazoa, or fungi.
  • --uniprot_query: additional UniProt query text; combined with the preset by AND.
  • --uniprot_reviewed yes: keeps Swiss-Prot entries only.
  • --uniprot_out_tsv: saves the downloaded table so the training set can be inspected and reused.
  • --uniprot_max_rows and --uniprot_sampling random: limit large query results reproducibly.

UniProt-derived labels are weak labels. Review the saved TSV and run an external or held-out evaluation before treating the model as production quality.

Model Choices

The default model is nearest_centroid, which is fast and writes a lightweight JSON model. It is a good starting point for small datasets and smoke tests.

cdskit localize-learn \
  --training_tsv train.tsv \
  --seq_col sequence \
  --seq_type protein \
  --label_mode explicit \
  --localization_col localization \
  --perox_col peroxisome \
  --model_arch nearest_centroid \
  --model_out localize_model.json

For larger datasets, bilstm_attention can train a PyTorch .pt model. Training can use GPU (cuda or mps) when available, while cdskit localize loads and runs the resulting model on CPU for user inference.

cdskit localize-learn \
  --training_tsv train.tsv \
  --seq_col sequence \
  --seq_type protein \
  --label_mode explicit \
  --localization_col localization \
  --perox_col peroxisome \
  --model_arch bilstm_attention \
  --dl_epochs 15 \
  --dl_device auto \
  --model_out localize_model.pt

esm_head is experimental and intended for users who know they have the needed protein language model dependencies and enough training data. Prefer a held-out evaluation before using it for biological interpretation.

Evaluation

For fair evaluation, use cross-validation or fixed fold IDs instead of judging only the training set.

Random stratified CV:

cdskit localize-learn \
  --training_tsv train.tsv \
  --seq_col sequence \
  --seq_type protein \
  --label_mode explicit \
  --localization_col localization \
  --perox_col peroxisome \
  --cv_folds 5 \
  --cv_seed 1 \
  --model_out localize_model.json \
  --report localize_learn_report.tsv

Fixed folds from a column:

cdskit localize-learn \
  --training_tsv train.tsv \
  --seq_col sequence \
  --seq_type protein \
  --label_mode explicit \
  --localization_col localization \
  --perox_col peroxisome \
  --cv_fold_col fold_id \
  --model_out localize_model.json \
  --report localize_learn_report.tsv

For threshold-based postprocessing, use out-of-fold probabilities:

cdskit localize-learn \
  --training_tsv train.tsv \
  --seq_col sequence \
  --seq_type protein \
  --label_mode explicit \
  --localization_col localization \
  --perox_col peroxisome \
  --cv_folds 5 \
  --localize_threshold_tune yes \
  --localize_threshold_objective macro \
  --model_out localize_model.json \
  --report localize_learn_report.tsv

When possible, keep a separate external test set. For related proteins, split by homology cluster, species, gene family, or publication source rather than by random rows only.

Output

The model file is written to --model_out. The report file contains training counts and any requested CV metrics.

Example report rows are shortened here for readability:

metric	value
class_train_accuracy	0.91
perox_train_accuracy	0.98
cv_class_accuracy_mean	0.84
cv_class_accuracy_std	0.04
cv_perox_accuracy_mean	0.96
cv_perox_accuracy_std	0.02
count_class_SP	120
count_perox_yes	18

Use the trained model with cdskit localize:

cdskit localize \
  --seq_file query.faa \
  --seq_type protein \
  --model localize_model.json \
  --report query_localize.tsv

Notes

  • The pretrained aliases such as targeting5 and targeting5-perox-deeploc21-et-v1 are already trained release models. Use localize-learn only when you want to train your own model.
  • The peroxisome column is a separate binary label. It does not replace the main localization class.
  • For plant data, cTP and lTP are meaningful; for non-plant data, use cdskit localize --organism_group non_plant during prediction to constrain plant-only predictions.
  • Small or highly imbalanced datasets can give optimistic training accuracy. Prefer CV and external evaluation before publishing model performance.

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