Basic Command Lines

• Current working directory
  • Navigating directory
  • Making Directory
  • List files and directories
  • Detail list
  • Creating file
  • Opening and writing on file
  • Opening file to read
  • Copy file
  • Rename file
  • Moving file and directory
  • Delete file and directory
• Git and GitHub
  • 1. Install Git
  • 2. Checking status of the repository
  • 3. Configure your name and your email
  • 4. Create a local git repository
• Git Basics Exercises
• Git Exercises -2

Day 1

Basic Command Lines

Your computer's text interface is called the command line. It is a programme that receives instructions and sends them to the computer's operating system for execution. From the command line, you can navigate through files and folders on your computer, just as you would with Windows Explorer on Windows or Finder on Mac OS. To master the fundamentals of the Unix command, we will utilise git bash in this lesson.

Current working directory

The directory that the user is presently working in is known as the current working directory. You are operating inside a directory each time you use your command prompt. Your home directory is configured as your current working directory by default when you log into a system.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~ (master)
$ pwd
/c/Users/Shreya

Navigating directory

You can switch folders with the cd command. You are in your home directory when you launch a terminal. You will use cd to navigate the file system.

1. To navigate to your home directory, use "cd"
2. To navigate up one directory level, use "cd .."

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~ (master)
$ cd desktop

Use the pwd command to see where you are.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop (master)
$ pwd
/c/Users/Shreya/desktop

Making Directory

The command that allows you to create directories is mkdir.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop (master)
$ mkdir Git-course-Geekster

Now let's go to the Git-course-Geekster folder using cd command.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop (master)
$ cd Git-course-Geekster
Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ pwd
/c/Users/Shreya/desktop/Git-course-Geekster

Note: Remember that when you do not mention a more than one-word directory name, it will create two directories.

List files and directories

The ls command is used to list files or directories. Just like you navigate in your File explorer or Finder with a GUI, the ls command allows you to list all files or directories in the current directory by default, and further interact with them via the command line.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls

Note: It is worth noting that ls won't show the hidden folders. You need to use ls -a for the same.

Git-course-Geekster folder didn't include any files or directories because we hadn't yet created them. so, Let's build a few directories.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ mkdir Day-01
Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls
Day-01/

You can create directories one by one with mkdir, but this can be time-consuming. To avoid that, you can run a single mkdir command to create multiple directories at once.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ mkdir day2 day3 day4 day5

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls
Day-01/  day2/  day3/  day4/  day5/

Detail list

Let's use the ls -la command to see a detailed list of the directories.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls -la
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 1 Shreya 197121 0 Aug 24 12:19 ./
drwxr-xr-x 1 Shreya 197121 0 Aug 24 12:01 ../
drwxr-xr-x 1 Shreya 197121 0 Aug 24 12:11 Day-01/
drwxr-xr-x 1 Shreya 197121 0 Aug 24 12:19 day2/
drwxr-xr-x 1 Shreya 197121 0 Aug 24 12:19 day3/
drwxr-xr-x 1 Shreya 197121 0 Aug 24 12:19 day4/
drwxr-xr-x 1 Shreya 197121 0 Aug 24 12:19 day5/

Using the above command, we can see the detailed view of a directory or a file

Creating file

Its is a very simple to create file in git bash at first write touch then file name with extension.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ touch day1.txt

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls
Day-01/  day1.txt  day2/  day3/  day4/  day5/

As you can see, there is day1.txt in the list. That means we have created the day1.txt file inside the Git-course-Geekster folder. You can also you ls -la command to use the detailed view of the folders and file.

Opening and writing on file

Let's open day1.txt and start adding text to it. In order to open and write, we need the nano command.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ nano day1.txt

As you can see from the above figure, the cursor is active and you can write on the pad. You can only use arrow keys to move the cursor left, right, up, and down. Let's write some text on the opened pad. There are instructors at the bottom that tells how to exit. For instance ctrl + x is to exit. When you exit either you save or cancel which comes when you click ctrl + x.

Now you can save the modified file by writing Y or you can cancel it by clicking ctrl + c.

After you write Y then click enter.

Opening file to read

The cat command can only be used to read files.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ cat day1.txt
Hello Geeks!, Welcome to the Git course of Geekster.

Copy file

The command cp followed by the name of the file you want to copy and the name of the directory to where you want to copy the file (e.g. cp filename directory-name )

Let's have day1-backup.txt from day1.txt by copying using the cp command.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ cp day1.txt day1-backup.txt

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls
Day-01/  day1-backup.txt  day1.txt  day2/  day3/  day4/  day5/

Rename file

We use the git mv command in git to rename and move files. We only use the command for convenience. It does not rename or move the actual file, but rather deletes the existing file and creates a new file with a new name or in another folder.

git mv options oldFilename newFilename

oldFilename: The name of the file that we rename. newFilename: The new name of the file.

let's rename the day1.txt to day-one.txt using the mv command.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ mv day1.txt day-one.txt

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls
Day-01/  day-one.txt  day1-backup.txt  day2/  day3/  day4/  day5/

Moving file and directory

The mv and cp commands can be used to put files into a directory. The cp moves the copy of the file or the folder to another folder, however, mv just move it without copying. Let's move the day-one.txt Day-01 folder.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ mv day-one.txt Day-01

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls
Day-01/  day1-backup.txt  day2/  day3/  day4/  day5/

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ cd Day-01

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster/Day-01 (master)
$ ls
day-one.txt

Delete file and directory

To delete (i.e. remove) a directory and all the sub-directories and files that it contains, navigate to its parent directory, and then use the command rm -r followed by the name of the directory you want to delete (e.g. rm -r directory-name ). Let's remove the day-one.txt file from the Day-01 folder.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ cd Day-01

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster/Day-01 (master)
$ ls
day-one.txt

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster/Day-01 (master)
$ touch day-two.txt

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster/Day-01 (master)
$ ls
day-one.txt  day-two.txt

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster/Day-01 (master)
$ rm day-one.txt

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster/Day-01 (master)
$ ls
day-two.txt

The rmdir delete a folder.Let's delete the day5 folder.

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls
Day-01/  day1-backup.txt  day2/  day3/  day4/  day5/

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ rmdir day5

Shreya@DESKTOP-VSQ7BAB MINGW64 ~/Desktop/Git-course-Geekster (master)
$ ls
Day-01/  day1-backup.txt  day2/  day3/  day4/

Congratulations, you've finished the basic commands. practice these commands right away to better understand them.

Git and GitHub

Git: During the course of software development, changes to source code are monitored using the Git distributed version control system. Although it is intended for programmers, it may be used to keep track of changes to any set of files. Speed, data integrity, and support for dispersed, non-linear workflows are among its objectives.

GitHub: GitHub is a web-based service for hosting Git repositories. It provides all of Git's distributed revision control and source code management (SCM) functions in addition to a few extras.

1. Install Git

First, you need to install the version control software, Git.

• Git: Install git

2. Checking status of the repository

The git status command displays the state of the working directory and the staging area. It lets you see which changes have been staged, which haven’t, and which files aren’t being tracked by Git.

git status

3. Configure your name and your email

The global git username and email address are associated with commits on all repositories on your system that don’t have repository-specific values.

To set your global commit name and email address run the git config command with the --global option.

git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "youremail@yourdomain.com"

4. Create a local git repository

You will create a folder (directory) for your project in this stage. A project is only a folder where all the files relevant to a particular project are kept. A project or folder on your PC is referred to as a local repository.

mkdir project_name
cd project_name

Git Basics Exercises

• Create a folder called learn_with_geekster.
• cd into the learn_with_geekster folder.
• Create a file called first.txt.
• Display the file content in terminal.
• Configure your name and your email

---

Git Exercises-2

1. The folder hierarchy is shown below. There is a parent directory called Geekster, and inside of it are four more directories named HTML, CSS, Javascript, and React. You must use the command line to move the file img.html from the HTML directory to the react directory.

Geekster
│   
└─── Css
│
└─── Html
│   │____ img.html
│    
└─── Javascript
│   
└─── React

Please test it out on your own first, then refer to the answers below. 👇🙂

Answer

Answer:

mv img.html ../React/

2. Below is a breakdown of the folder structure. Geekster, the parent directory, contains the directories React and Angular. F1.txt should be placed in the component folder.

Geekster
│
└─── React
│   │____ Component
|              │____ img.html
│   
└─── Angular
        │____ Services
                  │____ TS
                          │____ f1.txt

Please test it out on your own first, then refer to the answers below. 👇🙂

Answer

Answer:

mv f1.txt ../../../React/Component/