Design transform

Transform tool design (M14)

Research summary

Krita splits its transform tool into five modes — Free Transform (move/rotate/scale/shear), Perspective (corner + vanishing-point drag), Warp (grid/point displacement with Rigid/Affine/Similitude falloff), Cage (closed-polygon deformation via generalized barycentric coordinates), and Liquify (brush-painted displacement). See the Krita transform tool manual.

Animation is where every raster tool struggles. Krita's own answer is the transform mask: a non-destructive transform attached to one layer (or group), tweenable since 5.0 via the animation-curves docker. It cannot transform the drawings themselves across a range of frames: users report going frame by frame with the transform tool to keep elements aligned (community discussion). Photoshop's video timeline has the same shape: Free Transform touches one layer at one time; batch moves need smart-object surgery. The reason is structural — for a raster tool, every transformed frame is a fresh resampling of pixels, so a 24-frame transform is 24 destructive resamples and 24 undo records.

Lightbox does not have that constraint. Frames are stroke records; a transform is a deterministic geometry operation on StrokePoints. Applying the same operation to 200 frames is 200 cheap point-map passes with zero generational quality loss (strokes re-render through BrushEngine at full fidelity), one undo step, and a record the AI inbetweener can still read. That is the unfair advantage this milestone exploits.

Scope model — the novel part

A transform session has a target scope chosen in the tool options:

Scope	What is transformed
Active cel	The exposed drawing on the active layer at the playhead (classic Ctrl+T).
All layers at this frame	Every visible layer's exposed drawing at the playhead — move a whole composed pose.
Selected cel range	The cels marked with the timeline range selection (Set start/end), on that layer.
Entire animation	Every drawing on every layer — reframe/rescale the whole shot.

Rules that make ranges safe:

• Deduplicate by Frame.Id. Holds expose the same Frame instance on several timeline columns; a scope collects distinct frames so nothing is transformed twice.
• Region limiting. If a selection is active when the session starts, only strokes whose points lie (majority) inside the selection mask are transformed — in every frame of the scope. This is "enlarge this part of the document across all frames": select the region once, pick a range scope, scale. Strokes are moved whole (no point-tearing) in v1; soft boundary falloff is a warp-phase follow-up.
• One undo step. The whole session commits as a single Perform snapshot, whatever the scope size.

Geometry

• Affine (move/scale/rotate, uniform or free): closed-form 3×2 matrix built from the gizmo (pivot, scale x/y, angle, translation). Applied to every stroke point. Brush size scales with √(|sx·sy|) so lines thicken proportionally — stored per stroke, so provenance holds.
• Perspective: homography solved from the 4 corner drags (direct 8-unknown linear solve, no external deps), applied per point.
• Warp / cage / liquify (phase 2/3): all are per-point displacement fields, which the stroke record absorbs naturally; cage uses mean-value coordinates. Not in this milestone.
• Raster baselines (PaintedFrame.PngBase64): the one pixel path. Affine/perspective baselines are resampled once per commit through a Skia matrix draw. Warp-family transforms will refuse baselines until phase 2.
• Fill strokes and clip regions transform with the same point map, so fills and masked strokes stay consistent.

UI

• Ctrl+T enters transform mode (any paint/select tool); Enter/click outside commits, Esc cancels.
• Gizmo: bounding box of the scoped content with 8 scale handles, rotation by dragging outside a corner, move by dragging inside. Perspective sub-mode switches the corners to independent quad drag.
• Live preview: the active frame's affected pixels are drawn through the session matrix (cheap bitmap warp); exact stroke re-render happens on commit. Other frames in the scope commit without preview — the timeline thumbnails refresh immediately after.
• Tool options while in session: scope combo, perspective toggle, numeric angle/scale readout, Commit / Cancel buttons.

Why not transform masks?

Non-destructive animated transforms (Krita-style masks + curves) solve a different problem — motion over time. Lightbox's inbetweener already owns motion synthesis from drawings. What artists cannot do elsewhere is edit the drawings themselves in bulk; that is what this tool does, destructively but losslessly, in the stroke domain.