Logical Operators

🔍 Logical Operators in Python 🧠

🔹 What are Logical Operators? 🤔

Logical operators help us combine multiple conditions in an if statement.

Python has three logical operators:

Operator	Symbol	Example	Description
AND	and	x > 5 and x < 10	✅ True if both conditions are True
OR	or	x > 5 or x < 3	✅ True if at least one condition is True
NOT	not	not(x > 5)	✅ Reverses the condition (True → False, False → True)

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1️⃣ The AND (and) Operator 🏗️

The and operator checks two conditions. If both are True, the result is True. Otherwise, it’s False.

🔹 Example: Checking Age & Ticket 🎟️

age = 20
has_ticket = True

if age >= 18 and has_ticket:
    print("You can enter the movie! 🎬")
else:
    print("Sorry, you cannot enter.")

💡 Output:

You can enter the movie! 🎬

✅ age >= 18 → True
✅ has_ticket → True
✅ True and True → True (So, the message is printed!)

❌ If age = 16 and has_ticket = True, the result would be:

Sorry, you cannot enter.

🚀 Both conditions must be True for AND to work!

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2️⃣ The OR (or) Operator 🎭

The or operator checks two conditions. If at least one is True, the result is True.

🔹 Example: Checking Free Pass or Age

age = 16
has_free_pass = True

if age >= 18 or has_free_pass:
    print("You can enter the concert! 🎵")
else:
    print("Sorry, you cannot enter.")

💡 Output:

You can enter the concert! 🎵

✅ age >= 18 → False
✅ has_free_pass → True
✅ False or True → True (So, the message is printed!)

❌ If age = 16 and has_free_pass = False, the result would be:

Sorry, you cannot enter.

🚀 Only one condition needs to be True for OR to work!

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3️⃣ The NOT (not) Operator 🔄

The not operator reverses a condition.

🔹 Example: Checking if it's NOT Raining ☀️

is_raining = False

if not is_raining:
    print("Go outside and play! ☀️")
else:
    print("Stay inside. ☔")

💡 Output:

Go outside and play! ☀️

✅ is_raining = False
✅ not(False) → True
✅ The if condition becomes True, so we print the message.

❌ If is_raining = True, the result would be:

Stay inside. ☔

🚀 NOT reverses True → False and False → True!

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4️⃣ Combining Logical Operators 🧩

We can combine and, or, and not for complex conditions!

🔹 Example: Checking for Discount 💰

age = 65
is_student = False

if age >= 60 or is_student:
    print("You get a discount! 🎉")
else:
    print("No discount available.")

💡 Output:

You get a discount! 🎉

✅ age >= 60 → True
✅ is_student → False
✅ True or False → True (So, the discount is applied!)

🔹 Example: Checking Exam Eligibility 🎓

has_passed_exam = True
has_attended_classes = False

if has_passed_exam and not has_attended_classes:
    print("You passed, but you missed classes! 📚")

💡 Output:

You passed, but you missed classes! 📚

✅ has_passed_exam = True
✅ has_attended_classes = False
✅ not False → True
✅ True and True → True (Message is printed!)

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5️⃣ Truth Table for Logical Operators 📝

Here’s a quick truth table to summarize how and, or, and not work!

AND (and)

A	B	A and B
True	True	True
True	False	False
False	True	False
False	False	False

OR (or)

A	B	A or B
True	True	True
True	False	True
False	True	True
False	False	False

NOT (not)

A	not A
True	False
False	True

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🚀 Common Mistakes & Fixes ❌✅

❌ Using = instead of ==

if x = 10 and y = 20:  # ❌ SyntaxError

✅ Fix: Use == for comparisons

if x == 10 and y == 20:  # ✅ Correct

❌ Forgetting Parentheses with NOT (not)

if not x > 10 and y < 5:  # ❌ May not work as expected!

✅ Fix: Use parentheses for clarity

if not (x > 10 and y < 5):  # ✅ Correct

❌ Overcomplicating Conditions

if (x > 5 and x < 10) or (x >= 10 and x < 20):  # ❌ Too complex

✅ Fix: Use a simple range check

if 5 < x < 20:  # ✅ Cleaner and better

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✅ Summary

✔️ AND (and) → Both conditions must be True.
✔️ OR (or) → At least one condition must be True.
✔️ NOT (not) → Reverses True and False.
✔️ Logical operators can be combined for powerful conditions.
✔️ Parentheses help organize complex conditions.

has_high_income = True
has_good_credit = True
has_criminal_record = False

if has_high_income and has_good_credit and not has_criminal_record:
  print("Eligible for loan")