Math Functions

📐 Math Functions in Python 🎯

This section covers:
✅ Python’s built-in math functions 🎲
✅ Using the math module for advanced calculations 📊
✅ Common math functions with examples 💡
✅ How to avoid common math-related errors 🚨

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1️⃣ Python’s Built-in Math Functions 🎲

Python has many built-in functions for mathematical calculations. Let’s explore! 🔍

Function	Description	Example	Output
abs(x)	Absolute value	abs(-10)	10
round(x, n)	Rounds a number to n decimal places	round(3.14159, 2)	3.14
max(x, y, ...)	Returns the largest value	max(10, 20, 5)	20
min(x, y, ...)	Returns the smallest value	min(10, 20, 5)	5
pow(x, y)	Power calculation (same as x ** y)	pow(2, 3)	8

Examples 📝

🔹 Absolute value (abs())

print(abs(-10))  # 10
print(abs(5))    # 5

🔹 Rounding numbers (round())

print(round(3.14159, 2))  # 3.14
print(round(4.56789, 3))  # 4.568

🔹 Finding max and min (max(), min())

print(max(10, 20, 5))  # 20
print(min(10, 20, 5))  # 5

🔹 Power calculation (pow())

print(pow(2, 3))  # 8  (same as 2 ** 3)
print(pow(5, 2))  # 25

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2️⃣ The math Module 📊

For advanced math functions, Python has a built-in math module. First, import it:

import math

Common math functions

Function	Description	Example	Output
math.sqrt(x)	Square root	math.sqrt(16)	4.0
math.ceil(x)	Rounds up	math.ceil(4.2)	5
math.floor(x)	Rounds down	math.floor(4.8)	4
math.factorial(x)	Factorial (x!)	math.factorial(5)	120
math.log(x)	Natural log (base e)	math.log(10)	2.302
math.log10(x)	Log base 10	math.log10(1000)	3.0
math.sin(x)	Sine function	math.sin(math.pi/2)	1.0
math.cos(x)	Cosine function	math.cos(0)	1.0
math.tan(x)	Tangent function	math.tan(math.pi/4)	1.0
math.pi	Value of Pi	math.pi	3.1415926535
math.e	Value of Euler’s number (e)	math.e	2.7182818284

Examples 📝

🔹 Square root (math.sqrt())

import math
print(math.sqrt(25))  # 5.0

🔹 Ceil and Floor (math.ceil(), math.floor())

print(math.ceil(4.2))  # 5
print(math.floor(4.8))  # 4

🔹 Factorial (math.factorial())

print(math.factorial(5))  # 120 (5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1)

🔹 Logarithm (math.log() and math.log10())

print(math.log(10))      # 2.302 (natural log)
print(math.log10(1000))  # 3.0 (log base 10)

🔹 Trigonometric functions (math.sin(), math.cos(), math.tan())

print(math.sin(math.pi/2))  # 1.0
print(math.cos(0))  # 1.0
print(math.tan(math.pi/4))  # 1.0

🔹 Pi and Euler’s number (math.pi, math.e)

print(math.pi)  # 3.1415926535
print(math.e)   # 2.7182818284

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3️⃣ Common Mistakes & How to Avoid Them 🚨

❌ Forgetting to Import the math Module

print(math.sqrt(25))  # ❌ ERROR! NameError: name 'math' is not defined

✅ Solution: Always import math first

import math
print(math.sqrt(25))  # ✅ Works correctly!

❌ Using Negative Numbers in math.sqrt()

print(math.sqrt(-4))  # ❌ ERROR! ValueError: math domain error

✅ Solution: Use cmath.sqrt() for complex numbers

import cmath
print(cmath.sqrt(-4))  # ✅ 2j (complex number)

❌ Using Logarithm with Zero or Negative Numbers

print(math.log(0))  # ❌ ERROR! ValueError: math domain error

✅ Solution: Use a positive number

print(math.log(1))  # ✅ Works correctly! (log(1) = 0)

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✅ Summary

✔️ Python has built-in math functions like abs(), round(), max(), min(), and pow().
✔️ The math module provides advanced functions like math.sqrt(), math.factorial(), and math.log().
✔️ The math module also has trigonometric functions (sin(), cos(), tan()) and constants (pi, e).
✔️ Common mistakes include forgetting to import math and using invalid inputs for sqrt() or log().