add support for SQLite status()

[altendky]

Draft for:

• Proper PR and issue format
• Retargeting against 3.13
• Documentation
• Tests
• Raising an exception on failure
• Resolve TODOs in code

[encukou]

Indeed:

• Please open an issue first. That's how we group any fixup or backport pull requests together.
• Please submit PRs against the main branch. The 3.11 branch only accepts bugfixes, and those should generally go in main first and then backported

Since the best course of action here is opening a new PR, I'll close this one.