.qcall() method for automatic deduction of parameters, helper BloqBuilder methods

[mpharrigan]

• qcall class method on basic_gates/ and some arithmetic/ bloqs
• BloqBuilder.CNOT and other shorthands
• documentation on how to write your own qcall method

part of #1741

[gemini-code-assist]

Code Review

This pull request introduces the qcall pattern to Qualtran, providing a more concise and functional syntax for composing bloqs using QVar objects. The changes include comprehensive documentation for the pattern, operator overloading for QVar (supporting ~, +, and +=), and the implementation of qcall classmethods across a wide range of arithmetic and basic gate bloqs. Additionally, BloqBuilder was updated with helper methods to facilitate these calls. The review feedback identifies a recurring issue across several qcall implementations where the code fails to account for multi-qubit registers represented as numpy arrays, which would lead to AttributeError when attempting to access .bb or .dtype properties directly.

[mpharrigan]

the code fails to account for multi-qubit registers represented as numpy arrays

The annotations are correct. If the code fails, it's because you're not supposed to put a numpy array there