Set up API to make it possible to pass closures instead of AttributeLint

[GuillaumeGomez]

Part of #153099.

This PR sets up the base implementations needed to remove AttributeLintKind entirely and migrate two variants as examples.

r? @JonathanBrouwer

[rustbot]

Some changes occurred in compiler/rustc_attr_parsing

cc @jdonszelmann, @JonathanBrouwer

These commits modify the Cargo.lock file. Unintentional changes to Cargo.lock can be introduced when switching branches and rebasing PRs.

If this was unintentional then you should revert the changes before this PR is merged.
Otherwise, you can ignore this comment.

[rustbot]

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[rust-log-analyzer]

The job x86_64-gnu-llvm-21 failed! Check out the build log: (web) (plain enhanced) (plain)

Click to see the possible cause of the failure (guessed by this bot)

   |
80 | pub mod lints;
   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   |
   = help: to create the module `lints`, create file "compiler/rustc_errors/src/lints.rs" or "compiler/rustc_errors/src/lints/mod.rs"
   = note: if there is a `mod lints` elsewhere in the crate already, import it with `use crate::...` instead

For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0583`.
[RUSTC-TIMING] rustc_errors test:false 0.247
warning: `rustc_errors` (lib) generated 1 warning
error: could not compile `rustc_errors` (lib) due to 1 previous error; 1 warning emitted