Add more tests for higher order autodiff

[syclik]

Summary:

Add testing for higher order autodiff. We need to be able to determine where we aren't able to compile models in higher order.

This goes along with stan-dev/math#403.

Description:

We can determine which functions aren't compiling with higher-order autodiff through the language pretty easily. We've included a lot of instantiations of functions through src/test/test-models/good/*.stan functions.

I'm planning on running through them all and testing that forward mode and mixed mode compiles.

Reproducible Steps:

We don't have an easy way of reproducing it.

Current Version:

v2.13.0

[syclik]

@seantalts, @betanalpha: this branch feature/issue-2142-testing-higher-order has updates to the makefile that show which functions fail when compiling with higher order automatic differentiation.