docs: add exception reference

[thomhurst]

Summary

• add a complete exception reference for all eight shipped packages
• add executable catch-pattern snippets and make every doc-test-run execute
• enforce exception-table accuracy, default-clause behavior, sidebar placement, and cross-links

Test plan

• dotnet build Kevlar.slnx -c Release
• dotnet run --project tests/Kevlar.Tests -c Release --no-build -- --timeout 5m (847 passed)
• dotnet run --project tests/Kevlar.IntegrationTests -c Release --no-build -- --timeout 5m (131 passed)
• dotnet run --project tests/Kevlar.Analyzers.Tests -c Release --no-build -- --timeout 5m (78 passed)
• pwsh scripts/Verify-Docs.ps1
• pwsh scripts/Verify-DocSnippets.ps1 ... (126 snippets)
• [x]
  pm run build in docs/

Closes #240

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