chore(vdev): add --features flag and FEATURES env var support to build/check/test commands

[pront]

Summary

All vdev commands that shell out to cargo with a feature set (check rust, build, test, crate_versions) previously accepted features as positional arguments or used an inconsistent --feature (singular) flag. This makes them non-obvious and inconsistent with cargo's own interface.

This PR:

• Replaces the positional features argument in check rust with a named --features flag (short: -F, comma-separated)
• Renames --feature → --features in build vector and crate_versions
• Adds an explicit --features flag to test (replacing the implicit passthrough hack)
• Adds --no-default-features to check rust and test
• Wires env = "FEATURES" on all --features flags so FEATURES=x,y make check-clippy now works

Before:

cargo vdev check rust default rdkafka-dynamic   # positional, non-obvious
FEATURES=x,y make check-clippy                  # silently ignored

After:

cargo vdev check rust --features default,rdkafka-dynamic
FEATURES=default,rdkafka-dynamic make check-clippy  # works

Vector configuration

N/A — vdev tooling change only.

How did you test this PR?

• Verified cargo build -p vdev compiles cleanly
• Pre-push hook ran cargo vdev check rust --all-features successfully
• Manually verified --help output on check rust, build, test

Change Type

• Bug fix
• New feature
• Dependencies
• Non-functional (chore, refactoring, docs)
• Performance

Is this a breaking change?

• Yes
• No

cargo vdev check rust <feature> <feature> (positional) no longer works. Replacement: cargo vdev check rust --features feat1,feat2.

Does this PR include user facing changes?

• Yes. Please add a changelog fragment based on our guidelines.
• No. A maintainer will apply the no-changelog label to this PR.

References

• Closes: chore(vdev): add --features flag to all vdev commands that invoke cargo #25687

[datadog-vectordotdev]

🎉 All green!

🧪 All tests passed
❄️ No new flaky tests detected

_{This comment will be updated automatically if new data arrives.
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[chatgpt-codex-connector]

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[pront]

Let's wait for #25690 which should simplify this PR.

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