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Data Standards and Data Sources
In our Use Cases, "environmental sensor data" means data collected from sensors in rooms and buildings that relate to temperature, humidity, sound, light, carbon dioxide and similar characteristics. Occupancy may also be considered here, as it uses room-based sensors; however, the technologies for occupancy are very varied (motion capture, infra-red, CCTV, and so on), so may have to be pulled out and considered separately.
In the future, there may be scope to adopt relevant parts of BIM Level 3, but this only exists at present as a concept, not a model.
Our present Environmental Sensor Data model describes a generic way to collect sensor data that can be linked, via Intelligent Campus geographical data, to timetabling and booking data. As the timetabling and booking data contains data about modules and courses, we can then link through to the full panoply of data in the Learning Data Hub.
"The primary focus of the Sensor Model Language (SensorML) is to provide a robust and semantically-tied means of defining processes and processing components associated with the measurement and post-measurement transformation of observations. This includes sensors and actuators as well as computational processes applied pre- and postmeasurement. The main objective is to enable interoperability, first at the syntactic level and later at the semantic level (by using ontologies and semantic mediation), so that sensors and processes can be better understood by machines, utilized automatically in complex workflows, and easily shared between intelligent sensor web nodes... This standard defines conceptual models and an XML implementation of these models for describing non-physical and physical processes surrounding the act of measurement and subsequent processing of observations. The conceptual models are described using UML while the implementation is described using the XML Schema language and Schematron. It is envisioned that OWL (Web Ontology Language) and RDF (Resource Description Framework) versions could also be generated from the models if deemed useful and desired." extracts from the standard
Data formats supporting maps, particularly maps external to buildings.
"OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world. Rather than the map itself, the data generated by the project is considered its primary output. The creation and growth of OSM has been motivated by restrictions on use or availability of map information across much of the world, and the advent of inexpensive portable satellite navigation devices. OSM is considered a prominent example of volunteered geographic information." [Wikipedia]
Uses data primitives for Nodes (pairs of a latitude and a longitude using geo microformat), Relations (relationships between Nodes and Ways), Ways (ordered lists of nodes to present lines and polygons) and Tags (key-value pairs for object descriptions, using a recommended ontology).
https://www.openstreetmap.org https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Map_Features
Data models to support spatial navigation within and between buildings by modelling the space, usually based on existing Building Information Models.
Note - As an alternative to spatial modelling, Microsoft Research looked at recording user paths - see https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/path-guide-new-approach-indoor-navigation/
IFC is the standard interchange format for Building Information Models (BIM). It has been ratified as ISO 16739.
https://www.buildingsmart.org/about/what-is-openbim/ifc-introduction/
Although not designed with navigation in mind, there has been work to derive routing models, e.g.:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55334-9_10
See also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40327-017-0048-z
"IFC specifies virtual representations of building objects as well as their attributes and relationships. It includes most types of geometry, supports many classes of attributes (Eastman, 2012). Although IFC is an open standard, its complex nature makes information retrieval from an IFC model difficult (Zhang & Issa, 2011). The richness and redundancy of the full IFC model constitute an obstacle for particular use cases, as it cannot be fully supported by many specialized applications, and useful IFC subsets should be identified. Model View Definition (MVD), the Information Delivery Manual (IDM), and Semantic Exchange Modules (SEM) concepts have been introduced to efficiently reduce the scope of the full IFC model (Zhang et al., 2013). There is the on-going research on semantically precise and reusable model views and their implementations in real projects."
Building Interior Space Data Model - Developed by ESRI, BISDM is a Spatial Data Model (SDM) that builds on typical Building Information Models (BIM).
See also:
https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/rgg.2013.95.issue-1/rgg-2013-0012/rgg-2013-0012.pdf
Facilities Information Spatial Data Model; an open source project developing a Spatial Data Model (SDM) for facilities.