Backport #91022 to 25.11: Fix std::out_of_range in ApplyWithSubqueryVisitor with dictGet

[robot-ch-test-poll1]

Original pull-request #91022
Cherry-pick pull-request #91091

This pull-request is a last step of an automated backporting.
Treat it as a standard pull-request: look at the checks and resolve conflicts.
Merge it only if you intend to backport changes to the target branch, otherwise just close it.

The PR source

The PR is created in the CI job

[clickhouse-gh]

Workflow [BackportPR], commit [2d2a25d]

Summary: ❌

job_name	test_name	status	info	comment
Stateless tests (amd_asan, distributed plan, parallel, 1/2)		failure
	03006_join_on_inequal_expression_3	FAIL	cidb
	03221_merge_profile_events	FAIL	cidb
	01576_if_null_external_aggregation	FAIL	cidb
	02840_grace_hash_join_structure_mismatch	FAIL	cidb
	02274_full_sort_join_nodistinct	FAIL	cidb
	02346_text_index_queries	FAIL	cidb
	03278_json_subcolumns_in_skipping_indexes	FAIL	cidb
	03545_settings_over_cgi_overrides	FAIL	cidb
	03039_dynamic_collapsing_merge_tree	FAIL	cidb
	02677_grace_hash_limit_race	FAIL	cidb
	46 more test cases not shown
Stateless tests (amd_asan, distributed plan, parallel, 2/2)		failure
	03100_lwu_deletes_5_vertical_merge	FAIL	cidb
	03006_join_on_inequal_expression_4	FAIL	cidb
	02286_vertical_merges_missed_column	FAIL	cidb
	03274_grace_hash_max_joined_block_size_rows_bug	FAIL	cidb
	00682_empty_parts_merge	FAIL	cidb
	02535_analyzer_group_by_use_nulls	FAIL	cidb
	03622_ttl_infos_where	FAIL	cidb
	03274_dynamic_column_sizes_vertical_merge	FAIL	cidb
	03166_skip_indexes_vertical_merge_2	FAIL	cidb
	02273_full_sort_join	FAIL	cidb
	46 more test cases not shown
Stateless tests (amd_asan, db disk, distributed plan, sequential)		failure
	03393_max_merge_delayed_streams_for_parallel_write	FAIL	cidb
	03274_prewarm_primary_index_cache	FAIL	cidb
	02973_backup_of_in_memory_compressed	FAIL	cidb
	02402_external_disk_metrics	FAIL	cidb
	01722_long_brotli_http_compression_json_format	FAIL	cidb
	01643_replicated_merge_tree_fsync_smoke	FAIL	cidb
	01231_distributed_aggregation_memory_efficient_mix_levels	FAIL	cidb
	01010_pmj_right_table_memory_limits	FAIL	cidb
	00110_external_sort	FAIL	cidb
Integration tests (amd_asan, db disk, old analyzer, 3/6)		failure
	test_remote_blobs_naming/test_backward_compatibility.py::test_replicated_merge_tree[test_case2]	FAIL	cidb