storage: Add upsert cargo-fuzz targets

[def-]

Replacement stack for #36982. This is part 9 of 10.

Summary:

• Adds storage cargo-fuzz crate.
• Adds upsert consolidation, runtime, state consolidation, and value round-trip targets.

Review notes:

• The targets use the fuzz-only upsert hook from part 2.
• Focus review on the modeled upsert state machine and the generated command sequences.

Verification:

• Split from original commit 082e197 and reapplied onto current upstream/main.
• Top of stack has the same touched-file set as tests: Add the cargo-fuzz fuzzing suite #36982 and passes git diff --check.

Stack:

1. tests: Add shared cargo-fuzz runner #37381 tests: Add shared cargo-fuzz runner
2. tests: Expose fuzz-only internals #37382 tests: Expose fuzz-only internals
3. sql-parser: Add cargo-fuzz targets #37383 sql-parser: Add cargo-fuzz targets
4. expr, transform: Add cargo-fuzz targets #37384 expr, transform: Add cargo-fuzz targets
5. repr, pgwire: Add cargo-fuzz targets #37385 repr, pgwire: Add cargo-fuzz targets
6. avro, interchange: Add cargo-fuzz targets #37386 avro, interchange: Add cargo-fuzz targets
7. storage-types: Add proto cargo-fuzz targets #37387 storage-types: Add proto cargo-fuzz targets
8. persist-client: Add cargo-fuzz targets #37388 persist-client: Add cargo-fuzz targets
9. storage: Add upsert cargo-fuzz targets #37389 storage: Add upsert cargo-fuzz targets
10. ci: Run cargo-fuzz in release qualification #37390 ci: Run cargo-fuzz in release qualification

The original monolithic PR is #36982.

[def-]

ready for review

[martykulma]

lgtm, thanks @def- !