[C++] Add index pages to the format to support efficient page skipping

[asfimport]

we should add the features implemented in PARQUET-922 to parquet-cpp

Reporter: Renato Javier Marroquín Mogrovejo / @renato2099

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #2539

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-3124. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}