Failure in solve fuzzer

[alexreinking]

Description

We hit a fuzz failure in the CI for #9241

Reproducing case

Seed: 12497262138497136136
solve_expression produced a non-equivalent result:
  a0 = 32
  a1 = 3
  a2 = 3
  a3 = -30
  a4 = 3
  variable being solved: a2
  original: ((int32(uint1(int32(uint1(int32(uint32(a1))) || uint1(select(255 >= (244 ^ 68), a3, 65)))) || uint1(max(185 + 42, 202))) + (75 % 76)) < (int32(uint8(-1_i8))*select(103 <= int32(true || true), max(a3, select(shift_right(a2, 194 % 32) <= (int32(uint1(a0) || true) | a1), select(57 <= int32(211_u32), int32(true && true), select(207 < 250, a4, 203)), select(101 > 246, a3, 187))), select(int32((uint32)absd(int32(89_i64)/select(118 != 138, a2, 12), 244)) == int32((219_i64 ^ 147_i64) ^ 126_i64), ~(a3) & 237, 124)))) -> true
  solved:   (select(103 <= int32(true), max(select(shift_right(a2, 194 % 32) <= (int32(uint1(a0) || true) | a1), select(57 <= int32(211_u32), int32(true), select(207 < 250, a4, 203)), select(101 > 246, a3, 187)), a3), select(int32((uint32)absd(int32(89_i64)/select(118 != 138, a2, 12), 244)) == int32((219_i64 ^ 147_i64) ^ 126_i64), ~(a3) & 237, 124)) < (0 - (int32(uint1(int32(uint1(int32(uint32(a1))) || uint1(select(255 >= (244 ^ 68), a3, 65)))) || uint1(227)) + (75 % 76)))) -> false
Failing comparison (C++):
Expr expr_0 = Variable::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), "a1");
Expr expr_1 = Cast::make(Type(Type::UInt, 32, 1), expr_0);
Expr expr_2 = Cast::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), expr_1);
Expr expr_3 = Cast::make(Type(Type::UInt, 1, 1), expr_2);
Expr expr_4 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 255);
Expr expr_5 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 244);
Expr expr_6 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 68);
Expr expr_7 = Call::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), "bitwise_xor", {expr_5, expr_6}, Call::CallType::PureIntrinsic);
Expr expr_8 = GE::make(expr_4, expr_7);
Expr expr_9 = Variable::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), "a3");
Expr expr_10 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 65);
Expr expr_11 = Select::make(expr_8, expr_9, expr_10);
Expr expr_12 = Cast::make(Type(Type::UInt, 1, 1), expr_11);
Expr expr_13 = Or::make(expr_3, expr_12);
Expr expr_14 = Cast::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), expr_13);
Expr expr_15 = Cast::make(Type(Type::UInt, 1, 1), expr_14);
Expr expr_16 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 185);
Expr expr_17 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 42);
Expr expr_18 = Add::make(expr_16, expr_17);
Expr expr_19 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 202);
Expr expr_20 = Max::make(expr_18, expr_19);
Expr expr_21 = Cast::make(Type(Type::UInt, 1, 1), expr_20);
Expr expr_22 = Or::make(expr_15, expr_21);
Expr expr_23 = Cast::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), expr_22);
Expr expr_24 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 75);
Expr expr_25 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 76);
Expr expr_76 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 118);
Expr expr_77 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 138);
Expr expr_78 = NE::make(expr_76, expr_77);
Expr expr_79 = Variable::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), "a2");
Expr expr_80 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 12);
Expr expr_81 = Select::make(expr_78, expr_79, expr_80);
Expr expr_82 = Div::make(expr_75, expr_81);
Expr expr_83 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 244);
Expr expr_84 = Call::make(Type(Type::UInt, 32, 1), "absd", {expr_82, expr_83}, Call::CallType::PureIntrinsic);
Expr expr_85 = Cast::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), expr_84);
Expr expr_86 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 64, 1), 219);
Expr expr_87 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 64, 1), 147);
Expr expr_88 = Call::make(Type(Type::Int, 64, 1), "bitwise_xor", {expr_86, expr_87}, Call::CallType::PureIntrinsic);
Expr expr_89 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 64, 1), 126);
Expr expr_90 = Call::make(Type(Type::Int, 64, 1), "bitwise_xor", {expr_88, expr_89}, Call::CallType::PureIntrinsic);
Expr expr_91 = Cast::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), expr_90);
Expr expr_92 = EQ::make(expr_85, expr_91);
Expr expr_93 = Variable::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), "a3");
Expr expr_94 = Call::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), "bitwise_not", {expr_93}, Call::CallType::PureIntrinsic);
Expr expr_95 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 237);
Expr expr_96 = Call::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), "bitwise_and", {expr_94, expr_95}, Call::CallType::PureIntrinsic);
Expr expr_97 = IntImm::make(Type(Type::Int, 32, 1), 124);
Expr expr_98 = Select::make(expr_92, expr_96, expr_97);
Expr expr_99 = Select::make(expr_36, expr_73, expr_98);
Expr expr_100 = Mul::make(expr_30, expr_99);
Expr expr_101 = LT::make(expr_27, expr_100);
Expr final_expr = expr_101;
  solving for "a2"

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Additional context

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