i18n(ja): fix mistranslated glossary terms and heading/body inconsistencies

[yahonda]

What is changed, added or deleted? (Required)

Fixes machine-translation defects in glossary.md and aligns each entry's heading with the term used in its body. Section {#...} anchors are unchanged, so all inbound links keep resolving.

Clear mistranslations / breakage

• Restore the A–Z index letter I (was mistranslated to the pronoun 私), which broke the letter navigation.
• Mistranslated headings: 店 → ストア (Store), 旧価格 → 元の値 (Old value), バケツ → バケット (Bucket).
• Repair the scrambled Predicate columns sentence (misplaced WHERE/JOIN/ORDER BY/GROUP BY code spans and a broken trailing link sentence).
• Remove spurious 1 ordinal artifacts and a stray counter (GTID, SEM).

MT artifacts

• Duplicated tokens / dropped particles: TiUP[TiUP], ベクトル検索検索, Stale ステイル読み取り, TiCDC link placement, coprocessor push-down phrase.
• Bold markup that captured particles: **一貫性と**は → **一貫性**とは, **分離とは** → **分離**とは.

Heading ↔ body term consistency (align to the term already used in the body / the linked doc)

• 動的剪定 → 動的プルーニング
• 復元する → リストア
• パーティションを合体させる → パーティションの結合
• ベースラインの取得 → ベースラインキャプチャ (matches sql-plan-management.md)
• operator entry: 演算子 → オペレーター
• ディザスターリカバリー → 災害復旧
• ポイントインタイムリカバリ → 特定時点復旧

Which TiDB version(s) do your changes apply to? (Required)

• master (the latest development version)
• v8.5 (TiDB 8.5 versions)

What is the related PR or file link(s)?

• This PR is translated from: N/A (fixes Japanese translation defects in the existing glossary.md)
• English source: https://github.com/pingcap/docs/blob/release-8.5/glossary.md

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[qiancai]

@yahonda, could you please resolve conflicts in this PR? Thanks.

[yahonda]

Rebased.

[qiancai]

@yahonda, sorry to bother you again. It looks like there are new conflicts in this PR. Could you please take a look? Thanks!

[yahonda]

Rebased.

[ti-chi-bot]

[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2026-08-04 06:04:16.449923407 +0000 UTC m=+2508042.486018463: ☑️ agreed by qiancai.