[Stacked 3/3] Add Runtime Async profiler API coverage

[tommcdon]

Note

Stacked PR 3/3, based on tommcdon/runtime#1, which is based on dotnet/runtime#131985.
Only the final profiler-test commit is new. Retarget to dotnet/runtime:main after the lower PRs merge.

Summary

Add in-tree Runtime Async profiler coverage for:

• array and metadata-less continuation ClassLoad callbacks
• GetClassIDInfo, GetClassIDInfo2, and GetClassLayout rejection behavior
• continuation-to-captured-array GC reference traversal
• JIT callbacks, FunctionID/native-IP round-tripping, and IL-to-native mappings
• exception search, unwind, and catcher callbacks

Validated on Windows x64 and Linux x64.

Relates to dotnet#120799 and dotnet#120800.

[tommcdon]

Closing this fork-only stacked PR. The branch has been rebased independently onto dotnet/runtime main and will be submitted as a standalone upstream PR.