31. Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting

Most failures are caused by wiring, adapter permissions, or the wrong connection mode.

First Checks

• Is GND connected?
• Are SWDIO and SWCLK correct?
• Is the ST-LINK visible to the OS?
• Did you choose the correct mode?
• Is the .bin file exactly 131072 bytes?
• Are wires short and stable?

If Dump Fails

1. Check wiring.
2. Check adapter visibility.
3. Try the expected connection mode for your setup.
4. For clone C45 mode, increase the countdown timer if needed.

If Flash Fails

Stop and check:

• backup was created first;
• file validation passed;
• ST-LINK did not move during erase/write/verify;
• C45 contact was stable in clone mode;
• reset wire was correct in genuine mode.

Do not keep retrying blindly with unstable wiring.

Asking For Help

Include:

• scooter model;
• OS;
• ST-LINK type;
• connection mode;
• action: dump, flash, or SHU compatible;
• exact error text or screenshot;
• whether a full dump ever completed successfully.