Benchmarks

Benchmarks

This page records compile time, run time and peak memory for measured entries in bench/catalog.json. The catalog is a subset of the example programs. The same scene, size and frame count run in three.js. A standalone probe compares Mojo 1.1 to Mojo 1.0.

Each table states its measurement date. These results do not measure later code changes.

The numbers come from two machines: a Linux desktop under WSL 2 and a Mac on Apple Silicon. Each machine has its own tables. The colors compare two cells on one machine only. The refresh command is in How to measure examples.

Linux against macOS

On the Apple M4 Max, the examples run a median of 3.0 times faster than on the Ryzen 9 5900X under WSL 2. They compile a median of 2.0 times faster. Mojo 1.0 compiles the same four examples on both machines. The two runs are two days apart, so the source differs a little. Read the ratios as approximate.

Machines

Linux

• Date: 2026-09-24
• OS: Linux 6.18.33.1-microsoft-standard-WSL2
• CPU: AMD Ryzen 9 5900X 12-Core Processor
• Mojo 1.1: Mojo 1.1.0 (8189361e)
• Mojo 1.0: Mojo 1.0.0 (ed45d567)
• Node: v22.14.0
• three.js backends: cpu-flat and webgl
• A Mojo program that does nothing: 0.022 s
• A Node process that does nothing: 0.019 s

macOS

• Date: 2026-09-26
• OS: macOS 26.7 (arm64)
• CPU: Apple M4 Max, 16 cores
• Mojo 1.1: Mojo 1.1.0 (8189361e)
• Mojo 1.0: Mojo 1.0.0 (ed45d567)
• Node: v24.20.0
• three.js backends: cpu-flat and webgl
• A Mojo program that does nothing: 0.010 s
• A Node process that does nothing: 0.023 s

What the columns measure

Column	Meaning
compile	mojo build, in seconds. Paired in the 1.0 table.
run	The built binary or the Node process, whole, in seconds
frames	The draw loop alone, timed inside the process
RSS	Peak resident set of that run, in MiB

Paired columns sit next to each other. Dark green is faster by 30% or more. Light green is faster by 10% to 30%. Yellow is within 10%. A cell with no color is the slower side, or a value with no pair.

ThreeMojo transforms, clips, lights, textures and composites every frame in linear light on the CPU. It encodes every frame into an APNG and writes the file.

cpu-flat fills the same triangles with each material's flat color and a depth test. It does no lighting, no textures, no sRGB and no transparency, and it writes no file. Most of that run is Node starting and importing three.js.

webgl is three.js drawing with WebGL 2. The context comes from webgl-node. On Linux it needs libGLESv2 on the library path. See How to measure examples.

A frames column excludes process startup and output-file encoding. Compare frame columns when both are present. Whole-process run time also includes those costs. The baselines under Machines show process startup cost.

The pin is Mojo 1.1. The 1.0 column is the same source built by Mojo 1.0.0. The probe is a standalone triangle fill that imports nothing from ThreeMojo.

Example vs three.js

Linux

Example	Size	Frames	ThreeMojo compile (s)	ThreeMojo run (s)	cpu-flat run (s)	cpu-flat frames (s)	webgl run (s)	webgl frames (s)	ThreeMojo RSS (MiB)	cpu-flat RSS (MiB)	webgl RSS (MiB)
triangle	320×240	1	4.674	0.029	0.106	0.007	0.256	0.018	13.1	62.9	148.3
spin	160×120	24	4.668	0.043	0.105	0.007	0.265	0.035	20.6	63.3	148.0
cube	240×180	36	6.339	0.095	0.121	0.018	0.279	0.045	43.9	63.3	150.4
cubes	260×200	48	17.646	0.204	0.133	0.030	0.293	0.057	57.0	64.8	150.5
uv	320×200	2	13.931	0.045	0.113	0.010	0.253	0.021	15.4	63.3	148.6
textured	260×200	36	17.842	0.216	0.123	0.019	0.284	0.048	53.0	63.2	150.2
glass	260×200	36	18.179	0.185	0.128	0.024	0.286	0.053	49.9	64.2	150.9
floor	320×200	30	17.750	0.235	0.131	0.023	0.298	0.047	45.0	63.7	150.1
photo	260×200	36	19.082	0.195	0.123	0.020	0.279	0.049	50.2	64.1	150.4
lamps	260×200	36	17.701	0.189	0.142	0.039	0.288	0.047	49.4	66.0	150.1
first_scene	320×240	1	17.796	0.033	0.107	0.009	0.258	0.020	15.2	63.7	148.8
lit_scene	320×240	36	17.718	0.240	0.128	0.023	0.286	0.052	66.5	63.4	150.5
rotations	240×180	36	17.615	0.159	0.120	0.018	0.282	0.046	45.0	64.2	150.3
ortho	240×180	36	17.573	0.164	0.117	0.013	0.284	0.046	46.5	64.0	150.5
geometry	240×180	36	17.523	0.190	0.175	0.071	0.287	0.053	47.0	66.1	149.9
instances	240×180	36	17.598	0.165	0.135	0.032	0.280	0.048	44.8	65.9	149.9
raycast	240×180	36	17.991	0.195	0.153	0.051	0.295	0.059	45.8	67.8	160.2
curves	240×180	36	18.118	0.166	0.133	0.027	0.285	0.047	45.9	66.3	150.5
keyframes	240×180	36	19.094	0.157	0.122	0.018	0.284	0.047	45.2	63.6	150.4
skinning	240×180	36	18.010	0.164	0.125	0.016	0.287	0.051	45.4	63.9	150.7
phong	240×180	36	17.660	0.198	0.152	0.046	0.281	0.049	45.3	65.8	150.4
fog	240×180	36	17.540	0.157	0.121	0.018	0.283	0.047	45.7	63.2	150.0
culling	240×180	36	17.540	0.155	0.135	0.031	0.281	0.047	44.8	64.6	150.4
clipping	240×180	36	17.751	0.164	0.121	0.018	0.281	0.046	46.3	62.9	150.2
gpu_backend	240×180	36	17.860	0.169	0.135	0.032	0.281	0.046	45.9	64.4	150.6
exposure	240×180	36	17.508	0.185	0.118	0.017	0.280	0.047	45.7	63.5	150.2
model	240×180	36	19.028	0.164	0.123	0.018	0.277	0.047	46.1	63.3	150.2
orbit	240×180	36	17.500	0.165	0.123	0.019	0.280	0.047	47.1	66.0	150.3
clock	240×180	36	17.652	0.164	0.120	0.017	0.281	0.046	44.8	63.2	150.2
chain	240×180	36	17.712	0.157	0.121	0.017	0.287	0.050	44.8	63.9	150.2
additive	240×180	36	17.469	0.182	0.121	0.017	0.284	0.047	45.8	63.4	150.4
normals	240×180	36	17.463	0.189	0.145	0.042	0.283	0.045	45.6	65.8	149.8
fragments	240×180	36	17.625	0.198	0.129	0.026	0.281	0.047	44.9	63.8	150.2
edges	240×180	48	4.717	0.135	0.120	0.012	0.287	0.051	49.8	63.8	149.4
lines	240×180	36	17.917	0.163	0.128	0.020	0.285	0.051	46.3	66.1	150.6
sprites	240×180	36	17.870	0.171	0.133	0.028	0.290	0.054	44.8	66.2	151.8
stereo	240×120	36	17.989	0.157	0.126	0.023	0.282	0.048	34.0	65.9	150.0
television	240×180	36	18.520	0.212	0.121	0.016	0.282	0.047	49.1	63.1	150.1
mirror	240×180	30	18.411	0.896	0.137	0.033	0.279	0.043	41.2	65.7	149.9
split	240×180	36	18.230	0.209	0.135	0.031	0.285	0.048	45.9	66.3	150.2
physical	480×220	1	17.700	0.142	0.118	0.011	0.273	0.030	55.6	64.1	157.5
outlines	240×180	36	18.461	0.161	0.115	0.015	0.284	0.046	44.7	63.6	149.8
shadows	240×180	36	18.023	0.216	0.130	0.025	0.335	0.098	48.6	63.6	154.0
wide	240×180	36	17.836	0.193	0.137	0.035	0.290	0.054	47.6	66.2	151.4
bloom	240×180	36	22.523	0.400	0.163	0.057	0.306	0.061	47.6	65.4	157.0
gizmo	240×180	36	19.128	0.187	0.129	0.024	0.288	0.049	47.4	65.7	150.6
json_scene	240×180	36	26.939	0.169	0.118	0.016	0.279	0.047	45.1	63.5	150.3
reloaded	240×180	36	26.673	0.217	0.164	0.058	0.285	0.051	47.0	66.1	150.3
gem	240×180	36	18.210	0.407	0.146	0.041	0.511	0.273	51.3	66.2	167.4
distance	240×180	36	17.264	0.196	0.149	0.045	0.278	0.046	46.1	66.2	150.2
unfogged	240×180	36	17.598	0.157	0.121	0.016	0.289	0.055	45.1	64.0	151.2
targets	240×180	36	17.570	0.266	0.146	0.040	0.283	0.049	46.3	66.0	150.8
layers	320×180	36	19.164	0.327	0.162	0.057	0.319	0.072	59.5	65.8	160.9
graph	240×180	36	19.204	0.231	0.148	0.043	0.285	0.050	45.6	66.3	150.8
basis	320×180	36	26.164	0.220	0.121	0.014	0.289	0.053	53.9	63.8	156.4
coats	320×180	36	19.188	0.324	0.168	0.058	0.307	0.067	53.5	67.4	157.8
skyjson	240×180	36	33.182	0.772	0.140	0.036	0.357	0.115	52.1	65.9	158.7
daylight	240×180	36	31.520	1.880	0.215	0.111	0.291	0.055	46.7	65.9	150.9
faces	240×180	36	23.667	0.174	0.128	0.022	0.293	0.051	46.1	63.9	156.0
utah	240×180	36	25.512	0.265	0.229	0.074	0.348	0.053	47.8	67.4	156.6
blobs	240×180	36	39.910	0.172	0.262	0.114	0.362	0.073	46.3	68.4	153.2

The cpu-flat columns fill the same triangles with each material's flat color and a depth test. That fill does no lighting, no textures, no sRGB and no transparency, and it writes no file. The webgl columns are three.js drawing with WebGL 2 through webgl-node. A frames column times the draw loop inside the process. It leaves out starting the process, building the scene and writing a file.

macOS

Example	Size	Frames	ThreeMojo compile (s)	ThreeMojo run (s)	cpu-flat run (s)	cpu-flat frames (s)	webgl run (s)	webgl frames (s)	ThreeMojo RSS (MiB)	cpu-flat RSS (MiB)	webgl RSS (MiB)
triangle	320×240	1	1.394	0.012	0.045	0.002	0.087	0.014	14.4	63.8	84.4
spin	160×120	24	1.373	0.014	0.042	0.003	0.089	0.020	20.0	64.1	85.2
cube	240×180	36	2.329	0.026	0.048	0.006	0.105	0.032	44.7	65.0	87.0
cubes	260×200	48	9.462	0.057	0.052	0.012	0.105	0.035	51.0	65.6	87.4
uv	320×200	2	6.873	0.021	0.046	0.002	0.089	0.016	16.3	64.0	85.5
textured	260×200	36	9.055	0.070	0.049	0.007	0.104	0.032	52.8	65.0	87.3
glass	260×200	36	8.911	0.058	0.053	0.010	0.105	0.035	52.7	65.6	87.9
floor	320×200	30	9.032	0.078	0.051	0.008	0.103	0.029	41.8	65.0	87.6
photo	260×200	36	9.181	0.056	0.049	0.007	0.103	0.034	52.8	65.1	87.7
lamps	260×200	36	8.658	0.058	0.060	0.014	0.102	0.032	44.5	65.5	87.5
first_scene	320×240	1	8.609	0.024	0.046	0.002	0.085	0.015	16.8	64.1	85.6
lit_scene	320×240	36	8.725	0.071	0.051	0.009	0.103	0.032	70.2	64.7	87.7
rotations	240×180	36	8.691	0.048	0.047	0.006	0.097	0.030	46.2	65.0	87.0
ortho	240×180	36	8.691	0.045	0.046	0.004	0.099	0.030	46.2	65.2	87.3
geometry	240×180	36	8.752	0.068	0.078	0.035	0.100	0.030	46.2	65.6	87.5
instances	240×180	36	8.652	0.050	0.054	0.012	0.100	0.031	47.1	65.3	87.2
raycast	240×180	36	9.034	0.066	0.065	0.019	0.103	0.035	46.2	65.9	91.4
curves	240×180	36	8.816	0.052	0.056	0.011	0.104	0.032	46.3	65.8	87.3
keyframes	240×180	36	9.627	0.042	0.049	0.007	0.102	0.030	46.3	65.4	87.4
skinning	240×180	36	8.838	0.050	0.047	0.005	0.106	0.030	46.3	65.3	87.8
phong	240×180	36	8.616	0.075	0.061	0.018	0.170	0.097	46.2	65.6	87.6
fog	240×180	36	8.692	0.041	0.048	0.006	0.098	0.028	46.1	65.4	87.2
culling	240×180	36	8.667	0.043	0.057	0.013	0.101	0.031	46.3	65.6	87.2
clipping	240×180	36	8.741	0.048	0.048	0.006	0.097	0.028	46.3	65.2	87.1
gpu_backend	240×180	36	9.307	0.055	0.057	0.013	0.104	0.033	46.4	65.2	87.3
exposure	240×180	36	8.676	0.068	0.049	0.006	0.100	0.030	46.2	65.2	87.4
model	240×180	36	9.135	0.048	0.050	0.006	0.102	0.032	46.2	65.3	87.3
orbit	240×180	36	8.728	0.049	0.049	0.006	0.096	0.026	46.3	65.8	87.3
clock	240×180	36	8.738	0.046	0.047	0.006	0.093	0.025	46.2	65.2	87.3
chain	240×180	36	8.679	0.047	0.047	0.006	0.097	0.029	40.1	65.3	87.5
additive	240×180	36	8.533	0.061	0.048	0.006	0.097	0.026	46.3	65.4	87.3
normals	240×180	36	8.498	0.066	0.060	0.017	0.092	0.024	46.2	65.7	85.8
fragments	240×180	36	8.595	0.074	0.051	0.010	0.094	0.026	46.2	65.3	87.1
edges	240×180	48	1.303	0.030	0.044	0.004	0.093	0.027	50.7	65.1	85.5
lines	240×180	36	8.804	0.044	0.049	0.007	0.100	0.026	40.4	65.8	88.0
sprites	240×180	36	8.766	0.046	0.053	0.010	0.098	0.028	46.6	65.7	88.1
stereo	240×120	36	8.836	0.054	0.050	0.008	0.094	0.025	36.4	66.0	87.2
television	240×180	36	9.038	0.064	0.048	0.006	0.095	0.025	50.2	64.9	87.2
mirror	240×180	30	9.181	0.363	0.054	0.011	0.095	0.024	40.8	65.5	87.2
split	240×180	36	9.231	0.074	0.052	0.011	0.097	0.026	46.4	65.5	87.2
physical	480×220	1	8.949	0.048	0.045	0.003	0.156	0.085	75.5	65.8	92.7
outlines	240×180	36	8.994	0.045	0.048	0.005	0.095	0.025	40.3	65.2	87.2
shadows	240×180	36	8.789	0.074	0.051	0.009	0.102	0.033	46.9	65.4	88.8
wide	240×180	36	8.992	0.067	0.058	0.015	0.094	0.026	46.6	65.5	87.8
bloom	240×180	36	12.100	0.145	0.072	0.027	0.104	0.032	42.7	65.7	92.3
gizmo	240×180	36	9.236	0.063	0.050	0.008	0.097	0.026	41.2	66.0	87.3
json_scene	240×180	36	19.465	0.048	0.048	0.005	0.094	0.025	47.1	65.1	87.3
reloaded	240×180	36	21.323	0.076	0.073	0.028	0.099	0.025	47.0	65.9	87.5
gem	240×180	36	8.774	0.146	0.059	0.015	0.117	0.049	51.6	65.7	92.2
distance	240×180	36	8.588	0.072	0.060	0.019	0.095	0.024	46.4	65.5	85.8
unfogged	240×180	36	8.643	0.048	0.048	0.005	0.101	0.029	46.3	65.3	87.9
targets	240×180	36	8.439	0.099	0.060	0.015	0.094	0.026	40.1	65.6	87.3
layers	320×180	36	8.697	0.131	0.066	0.022	0.112	0.040	53.4	66.1	95.2
graph	240×180	36	9.252	0.088	0.061	0.016	0.104	0.029	46.3	65.6	88.0
basis	320×180	36	12.383	0.060	0.046	0.005	0.096	0.029	57.6	65.6	91.5
coats	320×180	36	8.942	0.121	0.070	0.027	0.106	0.036	49.7	65.9	92.7
skyjson	240×180	36	19.657	0.340	0.059	0.012	0.111	0.040	39.9	65.6	91.4
daylight	240×180	36	11.707	1.283	0.088	0.044	0.097	0.028	46.9	65.7	87.9
faces	240×180	36	8.609	0.080	0.052	0.008	0.098	0.027	46.3	65.3	87.2
utah	240×180	36	9.131	0.099	0.084	0.036	0.098	0.025	46.6	68.1	92.7
blobs	240×180	36	15.730	0.048	0.097	0.051	0.097	0.024	46.3	66.9	91.1

The cpu-flat columns fill the same triangles with each material's flat color and a depth test. That fill does no lighting, no textures, no sRGB and no transparency, and it writes no file. The webgl columns are three.js drawing with WebGL 2 through webgl-node. A frames column times the draw loop inside the process. It leaves out starting the process, building the scene and writing a file.

Mojo 1.1 against Mojo 1.0

Linux

Program	1.1 compile (s)	1.0 compile (s)	1.1 run (s)	1.0 run (s)	1.1 RSS (MiB)	1.0 RSS (MiB)
probe	3.312	2.743	0.055	0.048	12.8	14.4
triangle	4.674	7.797	0.029	0.020	13.1	13.4
spin	4.668	8.349	0.043	0.039	20.6	21.0
cube	6.339	9.144	0.095	0.102	43.9	44.0
cubes	17.646	5.676	0.204	refused	57.0	—
uv	13.931	4.967	0.045	refused	15.4	—
textured	17.842	5.638	0.216	refused	53.0	—
glass	18.179	5.625	0.185	refused	49.9	—
floor	17.750	5.837	0.235	refused	45.0	—
photo	19.082	5.992	0.195	refused	50.2	—
lamps	17.701	5.589	0.189	refused	49.4	—
first_scene	17.796	5.567	0.033	refused	15.2	—
lit_scene	17.718	5.598	0.240	refused	66.5	—
rotations	17.615	5.604	0.159	refused	45.0	—
ortho	17.573	5.656	0.164	refused	46.5	—
geometry	17.523	5.522	0.190	refused	47.0	—
instances	17.598	5.589	0.165	refused	44.8	—
raycast	17.991	5.710	0.195	refused	45.8	—
curves	18.118	5.870	0.166	refused	45.9	—
keyframes	19.094	5.999	0.157	refused	45.2	—
skinning	18.010	5.654	0.164	refused	45.4	—
phong	17.660	5.551	0.198	refused	45.3	—
fog	17.540	5.585	0.157	refused	45.7	—
culling	17.540	5.568	0.155	refused	44.8	—
clipping	17.751	5.616	0.164	refused	46.3	—
gpu_backend	17.860	5.647	0.169	refused	45.9	—
exposure	17.508	5.550	0.185	refused	45.7	—
model	19.028	5.768	0.164	refused	46.1	—
orbit	17.500	5.572	0.165	refused	47.1	—
clock	17.652	5.591	0.164	refused	44.8	—
chain	17.712	5.620	0.157	refused	44.8	—
additive	17.469	5.607	0.182	refused	45.8	—
normals	17.463	5.577	0.189	refused	45.6	—
fragments	17.625	5.516	0.198	refused	44.9	—
edges	4.717	8.302	0.135	0.122	49.8	50.2
lines	17.917	5.599	0.163	refused	46.3	—
sprites	17.870	5.542	0.171	refused	44.8	—
stereo	17.989	5.660	0.157	refused	34.0	—
television	18.520	5.673	0.212	refused	49.1	—
mirror	18.411	5.704	0.896	refused	41.2	—
split	18.230	5.707	0.209	refused	45.9	—
physical	17.700	5.479	0.142	refused	55.6	—
outlines	18.461	5.915	0.161	refused	44.7	—
shadows	18.023	5.675	0.216	refused	48.6	—
wide	17.836	5.638	0.193	refused	47.6	—
bloom	22.523	6.964	0.400	refused	47.6	—
gizmo	19.128	6.041	0.187	refused	47.4	—
json_scene	26.939	7.952	0.169	refused	45.1	—
reloaded	26.673	8.252	0.217	refused	47.0	—
gem	18.210	5.613	0.407	refused	51.3	—
distance	17.264	5.544	0.196	refused	46.1	—
unfogged	17.598	5.629	0.157	refused	45.1	—
targets	17.570	5.592	0.266	refused	46.3	—
layers	19.164	6.071	0.327	refused	59.5	—
graph	19.204	6.240	0.231	refused	45.6	—
basis	26.164	9.989	0.220	refused	53.9	—
coats	19.188	6.228	0.324	refused	53.5	—
skyjson	33.182	9.511	0.772	refused	52.1	—
daylight	31.520	9.457	1.880	refused	46.7	—
faces	23.667	7.707	0.174	refused	46.1	—
utah	25.512	8.843	0.265	refused	47.8	—
blobs	39.910	12.346	0.172	refused	46.3	—

macOS

Program	1.1 compile (s)	1.0 compile (s)	1.1 run (s)	1.0 run (s)	1.1 RSS (MiB)	1.0 RSS (MiB)
probe	0.343	3.195	0.025	0.029	14.2	15.0
triangle	1.394	6.535	0.012	0.011	14.4	14.7
spin	1.373	6.646	0.014	0.018	20.0	19.8
cube	2.329	7.649	0.026	0.034	44.7	44.5
cubes	9.462	2.881	0.057	refused	51.0	—
uv	6.873	2.542	0.021	refused	16.3	—
textured	9.055	2.763	0.070	refused	52.8	—
glass	8.911	2.746	0.058	refused	52.7	—
floor	9.032	2.751	0.078	refused	41.8	—
photo	9.181	2.909	0.056	refused	52.8	—
lamps	8.658	2.739	0.058	refused	44.5	—
first_scene	8.609	2.695	0.024	refused	16.8	—
lit_scene	8.725	2.738	0.071	refused	70.2	—
rotations	8.691	2.762	0.048	refused	46.2	—
ortho	8.691	2.741	0.045	refused	46.2	—
geometry	8.752	2.706	0.068	refused	46.2	—
instances	8.652	2.740	0.050	refused	47.1	—
raycast	9.034	2.845	0.066	refused	46.2	—
curves	8.816	2.932	0.052	refused	46.3	—
keyframes	9.627	2.995	0.042	refused	46.3	—
skinning	8.838	2.752	0.050	refused	46.3	—
phong	8.616	2.704	0.075	refused	46.2	—
fog	8.692	2.760	0.041	refused	46.1	—
culling	8.667	2.745	0.043	refused	46.3	—
clipping	8.741	2.735	0.048	refused	46.3	—
gpu_backend	9.307	2.838	0.055	refused	46.4	—
exposure	8.676	2.729	0.068	refused	46.2	—
model	9.135	2.813	0.048	refused	46.2	—
orbit	8.728	2.728	0.049	refused	46.3	—
clock	8.738	2.714	0.046	refused	46.2	—
chain	8.679	2.721	0.047	refused	40.1	—
additive	8.533	2.684	0.061	refused	46.3	—
normals	8.498	2.697	0.066	refused	46.2	—
fragments	8.595	2.699	0.074	refused	46.2	—
edges	1.303	6.252	0.030	0.042	50.7	50.4
lines	8.804	2.772	0.044	refused	40.4	—
sprites	8.766	2.779	0.046	refused	46.6	—
stereo	8.836	2.797	0.054	refused	36.4	—
television	9.038	2.729	0.064	refused	50.2	—
mirror	9.181	2.816	0.363	refused	40.8	—
split	9.231	2.797	0.074	refused	46.4	—
physical	8.949	2.729	0.048	refused	75.5	—
outlines	8.994	2.820	0.045	refused	40.3	—
shadows	8.789	2.769	0.074	refused	46.9	—
wide	8.992	2.755	0.067	refused	46.6	—
bloom	12.100	3.657	0.145	refused	42.7	—
gizmo	9.236	2.856	0.063	refused	41.2	—
json_scene	19.465	5.735	0.048	refused	47.1	—
reloaded	21.323	7.415	0.076	refused	47.0	—
gem	8.774	2.749	0.146	refused	51.6	—
distance	8.588	2.704	0.072	refused	46.4	—
unfogged	8.643	2.723	0.048	refused	46.3	—
targets	8.439	2.653	0.099	refused	40.1	—
layers	8.697	2.729	0.131	refused	53.4	—
graph	9.252	2.819	0.088	refused	46.3	—
basis	12.383	4.541	0.060	refused	57.6	—
coats	8.942	2.754	0.121	refused	49.7	—
skyjson	19.657	5.790	0.340	refused	39.9	—
daylight	11.707	3.362	1.283	refused	46.9	—
faces	8.609	2.751	0.080	refused	46.3	—
utah	9.131	3.105	0.099	refused	46.6	—
blobs	15.730	4.471	0.048	refused	46.3	—

Mojo 1.0.0 compiles the probe, triangle, spin, cube and edges. It refuses the other examples.

PMREM and the coverage run

The heaviest suites now write a quarter to a half of the coverage records they wrote before issue #157. Every image is the same to the bit.

A coverage run writes one record for each statement that runs. So the cost of a suite under coverage follows the statements in its innermost loops, not its run time. test_pmrem takes a fifth of a second without coverage, but it wrote 14 GB under coverage. See Coverage tool.

Suite, every CPU module instrumented	Before	After
test_pmrem	13.95 GB, 390 s	3.63 GB, 99 s
test_renderer	3.22 GB, 84 s	2.35 GB, 70 s
test_environment	2.34 GB, 63 s	1.24 GB, 38 s
test_rasterizer	0.65 GB, 16 s	0.49 GB, 15 s

The times come from a Linux container with four shared cores, so they are approximate. The sizes are exact.

The changes:

• The PMREM blur finds its weights, sines, cosines and copy position once per pass. CubeUvCopy holds the position, and cube_uv_coordinate uses it too.
• A bilinear read wraps each of its two columns and two rows once.
• FloatColor and the CLAMP case of wrap_index have no statements to probe. Vector3.cross and the shadow texel clamp are one statement each.
• Spherical harmonics find only the weight they use.
• test_pmrem blurs four environments, not seven. Three tests only need a valid layout, and now use one made by hand.

Without coverage, a 256-texel cube prefilters in about 210 ms, from about 270 ms before.

The sums keep their order, so each blur gives the same bits. The Mojo compiler fuses a multiply and an add into one instruction when it can. Thus moving a product out of a loop can change the last bit. The blur keeps the cross product per tap for that reason. A scratch program compared the images before and after, bit for bit, at face sizes 16 to 256 and from a panorama.

Other benches

Program	Shows
bench/raster_bench.mojo	CPU against GPU rasterization across image sizes.
bench/scene_bench.mojo	Each stage of the CPU renderer, timed on its own, one worker and every core.
bench/probe.mojo	The 1.1 half of the compiler comparison.
bench/noop.mojo	A program that does nothing: the Mojo baseline.
bench/mojo10/probe.mojo	The 1.0 half. make lint excludes this file.

On the Mac

make bench on the Apple M4 Max, one triangle, best of five runs. The GPU column includes allocation and the copy back:

Size	CPU	GPU (Metal)
320×240	0.3 ms	17.6 ms
640×480	1.2 ms	19.0 ms
1280×720	3.4 ms	22.7 ms
1920×1080	8.3 ms	34.6 ms
3840×2160	30.3 ms	89.8 ms

make bench-scene on the same Mac, the sphere of 12096 triangles at 1280×720:

Workers	prepare	rasterize	resolve	frame
1	1.9 ms	82.7 ms	8.9 ms	96.8 ms
16	1.9 ms	9.1 ms	1.0 ms	15.4 ms