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vim-galore

Please keep in mind that I just started writing this guide and new things get added every day. Things about to be added can be found here: issues. Thanks!

Intro

Basics

Usage

Tips

Commands

Debugging

Miscellaneous

Quirks

List of colorschemes

List of plugins

Intro

What kind of Vim am I running?

Looking at :version will give you all the information you need to know about how the currently running Vim binary was compiled.

The first line tells you when the binary was compiled and the version, e.g. 7.4. One of the next lines states Included patches: 1-1051, which is the patch level. Thus your exact Vim version is 7.4.1051.

Another line states something like Tiny version without GUI or Huge version with GUI. The obvious information from that is whether your Vim includes GUI support, e.g. for starting gvim from the shell or running :gui from Vim within a terminal emulator. The other important information is the Tiny and Huge. Vim distinguishes between feature sets called tiny, small, normal, big, and huge, all enabling different subsets of features.

The majority of :version output is consumed by the feature list itself. +clipboard means the clipboard feature was compiled in, -clipboard means it wasn't compiled in.

A few Vim features need to be compiled in for them to work. E.g. for :prof to work, you need a Vim with a huge feature set, because that set enables the +profile feature.

If that's not the case and you installed Vim from a package manager, make sure to install a package called vim-x, vim-x11, vim-gtk, vim-gnome or similar, since these packages usually come with the huge feature set.

You can also test for the version or features programmatically:

" Do something if running at least Vim 7.4.42 with +profile enabled.
if (v:version > 704 || v:version == 704 && has('patch42')) && has('profile')
  " do stuff
endif

Related help:

:h :version
:h feature-list
:h +feature-list

Basics

Buffers, windows, tabs?

Vim is a text editor. Every time text is shown, the text is part of a buffer. Each file will be opened in its own buffer. Plugins show stuff in their own buffers etc.

Buffers have many attributes, e.g. whether the text it contains is modifiable, or whether it is associated with a file and thus needs to be synchronized to disk on saving.

Windows are viewports onto buffers. If you want to view several files at the same time or even different locations of the same file, you use windows.

And please, please don't call them splits. You can split a window in two, but that doesn't make them splits.

Windows can be split vertically or horizontally and the heights and widths of existing windows can be altered, too. Therefore you can use whatever window layout you prefer.

A tab page (or just tab) is a collection of windows. Thus, if you want to use multiple window layouts, use tabs.

Putting it in a nutshell, if you start Vim without arguments, you'll have one tab page that holds one window that shows one buffer.

By the way, the buffer list is global and you can access any buffer from any tab.

Active, loaded, listed, named buffers?

Run Vim like this vim file1. The file's content will be loaded into a buffer. You have a loaded buffer now. The content of the buffer is only synchronized to disk (written back to the file) if you save it within Vim.

Since the buffer is also shown in a window, it's also an active buffer. Now if you load another file via :e file2, file1 will become a hidden buffer and file2 the active one.

Both buffers are also listed, thus they will get listed in the output of :ls. Plugin buffers or help buffers are often marked as unlisted, since they're not regular files you usually edit with a text editor. Listed and unlisted buffers can be shown via :ls!.

Unnamed buffers, also often used by plugins, are buffers that don't have an associated filename. E.g. :enew will create an unnamed scratch buffer. Add some text and write it to disk via :w /tmp/foo, and it will become a named buffer.

Mappings?

You can define your own mappings with the :map family of commands. Each command of that family defines a mappping for a certain set of modes. Technically Vim comes with a whopping 12 modes, 6 of them can be mapped:

Recursive Non-recursive Modes
:map :noremap normal, visual, operator-pending
:nmap :nnoremap normal
:xmap :xnoremap visual
:cmap :cnoremap command-line
:omap :onoremap operator-pending
:imap :inoremap insert

E.g. this defines the mapping for normal mode only:

:nmap <space> :echo "foo"<cr>

So far, so good. There's only one problem that can be pretty confusing to beginners: :nmap is recursive! That is, the right-hand side takes other mappings into account.

So you defined a mapping that simply echoes "Foo":

:nmap b :echo "Foo"<cr>

But what if you want to map the default behavior of b (going one word back) to another key?

:nmap a b

If you hit a, we expect the cursor to go back a word, but instead "Foo" is printed in the command-line! Because the right-hand side, b, was mapped to another action already, namely :echo "Foo"<cr>.

The proper way to resolve this problem is to use a non-recursive mapping instead:

:nnoremap a b

Rule of thumb: Always use non-recursive mappings unless recursing is actually desired.

Mapleader?

The mapleader is simply a placeholder than can be used with custom mappings and is set to \ by default.

nnoremap <leader>h :helpgrep<space>

This mapping is triggered by \h. If you want to use <space>h instead:

let mapleader = ' '
nnoremap <leader>h :helpgrep<space>

Moreover, there is <localleader> that is the local counterpart to <leader> and is supposed to be used for mappings that are local to the buffer, eg. filetype-specific plugins. It also defaults to \.

Note: Set the mapleaders before mappings! All leader mappings that are in effect already, won't change just because the mapleader was changed. :nmap <leader> will show all normal mode leader mappings with the mapleader resolved already, so use it to double-check your mappings.

See :h mapleader and :h maplocalleader for more.

Registers?

Registers are slots that save text. Copying text into a register is called yanking and extracing text from a register is called pasting.

Vim provides the following registers:

Type Character Filled by? Readonly? Contains text from?
Unnamed " vim [ ] Last yank or deletion. (d, c, s, x, y)
Numbered 0 to 9 vim [ ] Register 0: Last yank. Registers 1: Last deletion. Register 2: Second last deletion. And so on. Think of registers 1-9 as a read-only queue with 9 elements.
Small delete - vim [ ] Last deletion that was less than one line.
Named a to z, A to Z user [ ] If you yank to register a, you replace its text. If you yank to register A, you append to the text in register a.
Read-only :, ., % vim [x] :: Last command, .: Last inserted text, %: Current filename.
Alternate buffer # vim [ ] Most of the time the previously visited buffer of the current window. See :h alternate-file
Expression = user [ ] Evaluation of the VimL expression that was yanked. E.g. do this in insert mode: <c-r>=5+5<cr> and "10" will be inserted in the buffer.
Selection +, * vim [ ] * and + are the clipboard registers.
Drop ~ vim [x] From last drag'n'drop.
Black hole _ vim [ ] If you don't want any other registers implicitly affected. E.g. "_dd deletes the current line without affecting registers ", 1, +, *.
Last search pattern / vim [ ] Last pattern used with /, ?, :global, etc.

Each register that is not readonly can be set by the user:

:let @/ = 'register'

Afterwards n would jump to the next occurrence of "register".

There are numerous exceptions when registers get implicitly filled, so be sure to read :h registers.

Yank with y and paste with p/P, but mind that Vim distinguishes between characterwise and linewise visual selections. See :h linewise.

Example: linewise

yy (or just Y) yanks the current line, move the cursor somewhere else, use p to paste below the current line P for pasting above it.

Example: charwise

Yank the first word with 0yw, move somewhere else, paste after the cursor on the current line with p and before the cursor with P.

Example: explicit naming of register

"aY yanks the current line into register a. Move to another line. "AY appends the current line to register a.

I suggest playing around with with all these registers a bit and constantly checking :reg, so you can see what's actually happening.

Fun fact: In Emacs "yanking" stands for pasting (or reinserting previously killed text) not copying.

Marks?

You use marks to remember a position, that is line number and column, in a file.

Marks Set by.. Usage
a - z User Local to file, thus only valid within one file. Jumping to a lowercase mark, means jumping within the current file.
A - Z User Global, thus valid between files. Also called file marks. Jumping to a file mark may switch to another buffer.
0 - 9 viminfo 0 is the position when the viminfo file was written last. In practice this means when the last Vim process ended. 1 is the position of when the second last Vim process ended and so on.

Put '/g' or `/g` in front of a register to form a motion.

Use mm to remember the current position with mark "m". Move around the file and then jump back via 'm (first non-blank) or `m (exact column). Lowercase marks will be remembed after exiting Vim, if you tell your viminfo file to do so, see :h viminfo-'.

Use mM to remember the current position with file mark "M". Switch to another buffer and switch back via 'M or `M.

Other motions include:

Motion Jump to..
'[, `[ First line or character of previously changed or yanked text.
'], `] Last line or character of previously changed or yanked text.
'<, `< Beginning line or character of last visual selection.
'>, `> Ending line or character of last visual selection.
'', `` Position before latest jump.
'", `" Position when last exiting the current buffer.
'^, `^ Position where last insertion stopped.
'., `. Position where last change was made.
'(, `( Start of current sentence.
'), `) End of current sentence.
'{, `{ Start of current paragraph.
'}, `} End of current paragraph.

Marks can also be used in a range. You probably saw this before and wondered what it means: Select some text in visual mode and do :, the command-line will be prepended with :'<,'>, which means the following command would get a range that denotes the visual selection.

Use :marks to list all marks. Read everything in :h mark-motions.

Motions? Operators? Text objects?

Motions move the cursor. You all know h/j/k/l. Or w and b. Even / is a motion. They also take a count. 2?the<cr> jumps to the second last occurrence of "the".

See :h navigation and everything below for all available motions.

Operators act on a region of text, e.g. d, ~, gU, > to name just a few. They get used in two contexts, either in normal or visual mode. In normal mode, operators come first followed by a motion, e.g. >j. In visual mode, operators simply act on the selection, e.g. Vjd.

Like motions, operators take a count, e.g. 2gUw makes the rest of the current word and the next one uppercase. Since motions and operators take counts, 2gU2w works just as well and executes gU2w twice.

See :h operator for all available operators. Use :set tildeop to make ~ act as an operator.

Text objects act on the surrounding area, opposed to motions that act into one direction. Actually they work on objects, e.g. a whole word, a whole sentence, everything between parentheses, and so on.

Text objects can't be used to move the cursor in normal mode, because even the most-skilled cursors can't jump into two directions at the same time. It works in visual mode though, because then one side of the object is already selected and the cursor simply jumps to the other side.

Text objects start with either i or a followed by a character denoting the object. With i it only acts on the object itself, with a on the object plus trailing whitespace. E.g. diw deletes the current word and ci( changes everything between parentheses.

Text objects take a count. Imagine ((( ))) and the cursor on or between the most inner parentheses, then d2a( will remove the 2 inner pairs of parentheses and everything in between.

See :h text-objects for all available text objects.

Autocmds?

On many occasions, Vim emits events. You hook into these events by using autocmds.

You wouldn't use Vim if there weren't autocmds. They're used all the time, even if you don't even know it. Don't believe me? Check :au, but don't let the output overwhelm you. These are all the autocmds that are in effect right now!

See :h {event} for a quick overview of all available events and :h autocmd-events-abc for more details.

A typical example would be setting filetype-specific settings:

autocmd FileType ruby setlocal shiftwidth=2 softtabstop=2 comments-=:#

But how does a buffer even know that it contains Ruby code? Because another autocmd detected it as that and set the filetype accordingly which again triggered the FileType event.

One of the first things everyone adds to his vimrc is filetype on. This simply means that filetype.vim is read at startup which sets autocmds for almost all filetypes under the sun.

If you're brave enough, have a look at it: :e $VIMRUNTIME/filetype.vim. Search for "Ruby" and you'll find that Vim simply uses the file extension .rb to detect Ruby files:

au BufNewFile,BufRead *.rb,*.rbw  setf ruby

The BufNewFile and BufRead events in this case are hardcoded in the C sources of Vim and get emitted everytime you open a file via :e and similar commands. Afterwards all the hundreds of filetypes from filetype.vim are tested for.

Putting it in a nutshell, Vim makes heavy use of events and autocmds but also exposes a clean interface to hook into that event-driven system for customization.

Changelist? Jumplist?

The positions of the last 100 changes are kept in the changelist. Several small changes on the same line will be merged together, but the position will be that of the last change nevertheless (in case you added something in the middle of the line).

Every time you jump, the position before the jump is remembered in the jumplist. A jumplist has up to 100 entries. Each window has its own jumplist. When you split a window, the jumplist is copied.

A jump is one of the following commands: ', `, G, /, ?, n, N, %, (, ), [[, ]], {, }, :s, :tag, L, M, H and commands that start editing a new file.

List List all entries Go to older position Go to newer position
jumplist :jumps [count]<c-o> [count]<c-i>
changelist :changes [count]g; [count]g,

When you list all entries, a marker > will be used to show the current position. Usually that will be below position 1, the latest position.

If you want both lists to persist after restarting Vim, you need to use the viminfo file and :h viminfo-'.

NOTE: The position before the latest jump is also kept as a mark and can be jumped to via `` or ''.

Related help:

:h changelist
:h jumplist

Quickfix and location lists?

Every time an action has to return a list of locations, quickfix or location lists can be used. In this case a location is a file, a line number and optionally a column.

Examples are compiler errors assembled in a quickfix list or matches of an external grep tool assembled in a location list.

The big advantage over just putting that stuff in an empty buffer is that you get a nice uniform interface for browsing the entries.

At all time there's only one quickfix list, but every window can has its own location list. Both type of lists feel the same, but use slightly different commands for navigation.

Most common commands:

Action Quickfix Location
open window :copen :lopen
close window :cclose :lclose
next entry :cnext :lnext
previous entry :cprevious :lprevious
first entry :cfirst :lfirst
last entry :clast :llast

See :cc and everything below for all commands.

Example:

Let's use our good old friend grep for searching the files in the current directory recursively for a certain query and put the results in the quickfix list.

:let &grepprg = 'grep -Rn $* .'
:grep! foo
<grep output - hit enter>
:copen

Assuming any files contained the string "foo", it should be shown now in the quickfix window.

Colorschemes?

Colorschemes are the way to style your Vim. Vim consists of many components and each of those can be customized with different colors for the foreground, background and a few other attributes like bold text etc. They can be set like this:

:highlight Normal ctermbg=1 guibg=red

This would paint the background of the editor red. See :h :highlight for more information.

So, colorschemes are mostly a collection of :highlight commands.

Actually, most colorschemes are really 2 colorschemes! The example above sets colors via ctermbg and guibg. The former definition will only be used if Vim was started in a terminal emulator, e.g. xterm. The latter will be used in graphical environments like gVim.

If you ever happen to use a certain colorscheme in Vim running in a terminal emulator and the colors don't look like the colors in the screenshot at all, chances are that the colorscheme only defined colors for the GUI.

I use gruvbox for the GUI and janah for the terminal.

More colorschemes: here

Folding?

Every text (or source code) has a certain structure. If you have a structure, it means you have regions of logically separated text. Folding allows to "fold" such a region into a single line and displaying a short description. There are many commands that act on these regions called folds. Folds can be nested.

Vim distinguishes between several types of fold methods:

'foldmethod' Usage
diff Used in diff windows to fold unchanged text.
expr Uses 'foldexpr' to basically create a new fold method.
indent Folds based on indentation.
manual Create folds yourself via zf, zF, and :fold.
marker Folds based on markers in the text (often in comments).
syntax Folds based on syntax, e.g. folding if blocks.

NOTE: Folding can be computationally intensive! If you experience any performance drawbacks (small delays when typing), have a look at FastFold, which prevents Vim from updating folds when it's not needed.

Related help:

:h usr_28
:h folds

Sessions?

If you save a view (:h :mkview), the current state of the window (and options and mappings) gets saved for later use (:h :loadview).

A session saves the views of all windows plus global settings. It basically makes a snapshot of your current Vim instance and saves it in a session file.

This makes it perfect for saving your projects and easy to switch between them.

Try it right now! Open a few windows and tabs and do :mksession! Foo.vim. If you omit the filename, Session.vim will be assumed. The file will be saved to the current working directory, check :pwd. Restart Vim and do :source Foo.vim and voilà, the buffer list, window layout, mappings, working directory etc. should all be the same as before you saved the session.

Note that a session file is really just a collection of Vim commands, so feel free to take a look at it: :vs Foo.vim.

You can tell Vim what things to save in a session by setting 'sessionoptions'.

Related help:

:h Session
:h 'sessionoptions'

Locality?

Many of the concepts mentioned above also have local counterparts:

Global Local Scope Help
:set :setlocal buffer or window :h local-options
:map :map <buffer> buffer :h :map-local
:autocmd :autocmd * <buffer> buffer :h autocmd-buflocal
:cd :lcd window :h :lcd
<leader> <localleader> buffer :h maplocalleader

Variables also sport different scopes, but will be explained in Vim scriping.

Usage

Getting help offline

Vim comes with great documentation in the form of single text files with a special layout. Vim uses a system based on tags for accessing certain parts of those help files.

First of all, read this: :help :help. This will open the file $VIMRUNTIME/doc/helphelp.txt in a new window and jump to the :help tag within that file.

A few simple rules:

  • options are enclosed in single quotes, e.g. :h 'textwidth'
  • VimL functions end in (), e.g. :h reverse()
  • commands start with :, e.g. :h :echo

You can use <c-d> (this is ctrl+d) to list all tags that match the currently entered query. E.g. :h tab<c-d> will get you a list of all tags from tab over 'softtabstop' to setting-guitablabel.

You want to list all VimL functions? Simple: :h ()<c-d>. You want to list all VimL functions that concern windows? :h win*()<c-d>.

This quickly becomes second nature, but especially in the beginning, you sometimes don't know any part of the tag you are looking for. You can only imagine some keywords that could be involved. :helpgrep to the rescue!

:helpgrep backwards

This will look for "backwards" in all documentation files and jump to the first match. The matches will be assembled in the quickfix list. Use :cn/:cp to jump to the next/previous match. Or use :copen to open the quickfix window, navigate to an entry and hit <cr> to jump to that match. See :h quickfix for the whole truth.

Getting help online

If you have an issue you can't resolve or are in need of general guidance, see the vim_use mailing list. Another great resource is using IRC. The channel #vim on Freenode is huge and usually full of helpful people.

If you want to report a Vim bug, use the vim_dev mailing list.

Clipboard

Required features: +clipboard and optionally +xterm_clipboard if you want to use the 'clipboard' option on a Unix system with a Vim that doesn't have GUI support.

Related help:

:h 'clipboard'
:h gui-clipboard
:h gui-selections

Also see: Bracketed paste (or why do I have to set 'paste' all the time?)

Clipboard usage (Windows, OSX)

Windows comes with a clipboard and OSX comes with a pasteboard.

Both work like most users would expect them to work. You copy selected text with ctrl+c/cmd+c and paste them in another application with ctrl+v/cmd+v.

Note that copied text is actually transferred to the clipboard, so you can close the application you copied from before pasting in another application without problems.

Whenever this happens, the clipboard register * gets filled with the selection. From Vim use "*y and "*p to yank and paste from the clipboard respectively.

If you don't even want to specify the * register all the time, put this in your vimrc:

set clipboard=unnamed

Usually all yank/delete/put operations fill the " register, now the * register is used for the same operations, therefore simply y and p will be enough.

Let me repeat: Using the option above means that every yank/paste, even when only used in the same Vim window, will alter the clipboard. Decide for yourself if this is useful or not.

If you're even too lazy to type y, you can send every visual selection to the clipboard by using these settings:

set clipboard=unnamed,autoselect
set guioptions+=a

Related help files:

:h clipboard-unnamed
:h autoselect
:h 'go_a'
Clipboard usage (Linux, BSD, ...)

If your OS uses X, things work a bit different. X implements the X Window System Protocol which happens to be at major version 11 since 1987, hence X is also often called X11.

Prior, in X10, cut buffers were introduced that kind of worked like a clipboard as in copied text was actually hold by X and it was accessiable by all ofter applications. This mechanism still exists in X, but its use is deprecated now and most software doesn't use it anymore.

Nowadays data is transferred between applications by the means of selections. From the 3 selection atoms defined, only 2 are used in practice: PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD.

Selections work roughly like this:

Program A: <ctrl+c>
Program A: assert ownership of CLIPBOARD
Program B: <ctrl+v>
Program B: note that ownership of CLIPBOARD is hold by Program A
Program B: request data from Program A
Program A: respond to request and send data to Program B
Program B: receives data from Program A and inserts it into the window
Selection When used? How to paste? How to access from Vim?
PRIMARY Selecting text middle-click, shift+insert * register
CLIPBOARD Selecting text and ctrl+c ctrl+v + register

NOTE: Selections (no, not even the CLIPBOARD selection) are never kept in the X server! Thus you lose the data copied with ctrl+c when the application closes.

Use "*p to paste the PRIMARY selection or "+y1G to yank the entire file to the CLIPBOARD selection.

If you happen to access one of the two registers all the time, consider using:

set clipboard^=unnamed      " * register
" or
set clipboard^=unammedplus  " + register

(The ^= is used to prepend to the default value, :h :set^=.)

This will make all yank/delete/put operations use either * or + instead of the unnamed register ". Afterwards you can simply use y or p for accessing your chosen X selection.

Related help:

:h clipboard-unnamed
:h clipboard-unammedplus

Restore cursor position when opening file

Without this, you will always be at line 1 when opening a file. With this, you will be at the position where you left off.

Put this in your vimrc:

autocmd BufReadPost *
    \ if line("'\"") > 1 && line("'\"") <= line("$") |
    \   exe "normal! g`\"" |
    \ endif

This simpy does g`" (jump to position where you left off without changing jumplist) if that position still exists (the file might have fewer lines since it was altered by another program).

This requires the use of a viminfo file: :h viminfo-'.

Editing remote files

Vim comes with the netrw plugin that enables editing remote files. Actually it transfers the remote file to a local temporary file via scp, opens a buffer using that file, and writes the changes back to the remote file on saving.

This is extremely useful if you want to use your local configuration opposed to ssh'ing into a server and use whatever the admins want you to use.

:e scp://bram@awesome.site.com/.vimrc

If you have a ~/.ssh/config set up already, this gets used automatically:

Host awesome
    HostName awesome.site.com
    Port 1234
    User bram

Assuming the above content in ~/.ssh/config, this works just as well:

:e scp//awesome/.vimrc

Similar can be done with a ~/.netrc, see :h netrw-netrc.

Make sure to read :h netrw-ssh-hack and :h g:netrw_ssh_cmd.

Another possibility is using sshfs which uses FUSE to mount a remote filesystem into your local filesystem.

Managing plugins

Pathogen was the first popular tool for managing plugins. Actually it just adjusts the runtimepath (:h 'rtp') to include all the things put under a certain directory. You have to clone the repositories of the plugins there yourself.

Real plugin managers expose commands that help you installing and updating plugins from within Vim. Hereinafter is a list of commonly used plugin managers in alphabetic sequence:

Plug is my favorite, but your mileage may vary.

Block insert

This is a technique to insert the same text on multiple consecutive lines at the same time. See this demo.

Switch to visual block mode with <c-v>. Afterwards go down for a few lines. Hit I or A and start entering your text.

It might be a bit confusing at first, but text is always entered for the current line and only after finishing the current insertion, the same text will be applied to all other lines of the prior visual selection.

So a simple example is <c-v>3jItext<esc>.

If you have lines of different length and want to append the same text right after the end of each line, do this: <c-v>3j$Atext<esc>.

Sometime you need to place the cursor somewhere after the end of the current line. You can't do that by default, but you can set the virtualedit option:

set virtualedit=all

Afterwards $10l or 90| work even after the end of the line.

See :h blockwise-examples for more info. It might seem complicated at first, but quickly becomes second nature.

If you want to get real fancy, have a look at multiple-cursors.

MatchIt

Since Vim is written in C, a lot of features assume C-like syntax. By default, if your cursor is on { or #endif, you can use % to jump to the corresponding } or #ifdef respectively.

Vim comes bundled with a plugin called matchit.vim which is not enabled by default. It makes % also cycle through HTML tags, if/else/endif constructs in VimL etc. and introduces a few new commands.

To always load the plugin, put this in your vimrc:

if !exists('g:loaded_matchit')
  runtime macros/matchit.vim
endif

Since the documentation of matchit is pretty extensive, I suggest also doing the following once:

:!mkdir -p ~/.vim/doc
:!cp $VIMRUNTIME/macros/matchit.txt ~/.vim/doc
:helptags ~/.vim/doc

The plugin is ready to use now. See :h matchit-intro for the supported commands and :h matchit-languages for the supported languages.

That said, it's easy to define your own matching pairs:

autocmd FileType python let b:match_words = '\<if\>:\<elif\>:\<else\>'

Afterwards you can cycle through these 3 statements in any Python file by using % (forward) or g% (backward).

Related help:

:h matchit-install
:h matchit
:h b:match_words

Tips

Saner behavior of n and N

The direction of n and N depends on whether / or ? was used for searching forward or backward respectively. This is pretty confusing to me.

If you want n to always search forward and N backward, use this:

nnoremap <expr> n  'Nn'[v:searchforward]
nnoremap <expr> N  'nN'[v:searchforward]

Saner command-line history

If you're anything like me, you're used to going to next and previous items via <c-n> and <c-p> respectively. By default, this also works in the command-line and recalls older or more recent command-lines from history.

So far, so good. But <up> and <down> are even smarter! They recall the command-line whose beginning matches the current command-line. E.g. :echo <up> may change to :echo "Vim rocks!".

Of course I don't want you to reach to the arrow keys, just map it instead:

cnoremap <c-n>  <down>
cnoremap <c-p>  <up>

I depend on this behaviour several times a day.

Quickly move current line

Sometimes I need a quick way to move the current line above or below:

nnoremap [e  :<c-u>execute 'move -1-'. v:count1<cr>
nnoremap ]e  :<c-u>execute 'move +'. v:count1<cr>

These mappings also take a count, so 2]e moves the current line 2 lines below.

Quickly add empty lines

This is surely no must-have, but I prefer the following mappings over o<esc>/O<esc>:

nnoremap [<space>  :put! =''<cr>
nnoremap ]<space>  :put =''<cr>

Quickly edit your macros

This is a real gem! The mapping takes a register (or * by default) and opens it in the cmdline-window. Hit <cr> when you're done editing for setting the register.

I often use this to correct typos I did while recording a macro.

nnoremap <leader>m  :<c-u><c-r>='let @'. v:register .' = '. string(getreg(v:register))<cr><c-f><left>

Use it like this <leader>m or "q<leader>m.

Quickly jump to header or source file

This technique can probably be applied to many filetypes. It sets file marks (see :h marks) when leaving a source or header file, so you can quickly jump back to the last accessed one by using 'C or 'H (see :h 'A).

autocmd BufLeave *.{c,cpp} mark C
autocmd BufLeave *.h       mark H

NOTE: The info is saved in the viminfo file, so make sure that :set viminfo? includes :h viminfo-'.

Quickly change font size in GUI

I think this was taken from tpope's config:

command! Bigger  :let &guifont = substitute(&guifont, '\d\+$', '\=submatch(0)+1', '')
command! Smaller :let &guifont = substitute(&guifont, '\d\+$', '\=submatch(0)-1', '')

Change cursor style in insert mode

I like to use a block cursor in normal mode and i-beam cursor in insert mode. Also when using tmux in the middle.

if empty($TMUX)
  let &t_SI = "\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=1\x7"
  let &t_EI = "\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=0\x7"
else
  let &t_SI = "\<Esc>Ptmux;\<Esc>\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=1\x7\<Esc>\\"
  let &t_EI = "\<Esc>Ptmux;\<Esc>\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=0\x7\<Esc>\\"
endif

This simply tells Vim to print a certain sequence of characters (escape sequence) when entering/leaving insert mode. The underlying terminal will process and evaluate it.

There's one drawback though: there are many terminal emulator implementations and not all use the same sequences for doing the same things. The sequences used above might not work with your implementation. Your implementation might not even support different cursor styles. Check the documentation.

The example above works with iTerm2.

Don't lose selection when shifting sidewards

If you select one or more lines, you can use < and > for shifting them sidewards. Unfortunately you immediately lose the selection afterwards.

You can use gv to reselect the last selection (see :h gv), thus you can work around it like this:

xnoremap <  <gv
xnoremap >  >gv

Now you can use >>>>> on your visual selection without any problems.

NOTE: The same can be achieved using ., which repeats the last change.

Commands

Useful commands that are good to know.

:redir

Many commands print messages and :redir allows to redirect that output. You can redirect to files, registers or variables.

:redir => neatvar
:reg
:redir END
:echo neatvar
:" For fun let's also put it onto the current buffer.
:put =nicevar

Related help: :h :redir

Debugging

General tips

If you encounter a strange behaviour, try reproducing it like this:

vim -u NONE -N

This will start Vim without vimrc (thus default settings) and in nocompatible mode (which makes it use Vim defaults instead of vi defaults). (See :h --noplugin for other combinations of what to load at start.)

If you can still reproduce it now, it's most likeley a bug in Vim itself! Report it to the vim_dev mailing list. Most of the time the issue won't be resolved at this time and you'll have to further investigate.

Often plugin updates introduce new/changed/faulty behaviour. If you're using a plugin manager, comment them out until you find the culprit.

Issue is still not resolved? If it's not a plugin, it must be your other settings, so maybe your options or autocmds etc.

Time to use binary search. Repeatedly split the search space in two until you find the culprit line. Due to the nature of binary division, it won't take many steps.

In practice it works like this: Put the :finish command in the middle of your vimrc. Vim will skip everything after it. If it still happens, the problem is in the active upper half. Move the :finish to the middle of that half. Otherwise the issue is in the inactive lower half. Move the :finish to the middle of that half. And so on.

Profiling startup time

Vim startup feels slow? Time to crunch some numbers:

vim --startuptime /tmp/startup.log +q && vim /tmp/startup.log

The first column is the most important as it shows the elapsed absolute time. If there is a big jump in time between two lines, the second line is either a very big file or a file with faulty VimL code that is worth investigating.

Profiling at runtime

Required feature: +profile

Vim provides a built-in capability for profiling at runtime and is a great way to find slow code in your environment.

The :profile command takes a bunch of sub-commands for specifying what to profile.

If you want to profile everything, do this:

:profile start /tmp/profile.log
:profile file *
:profile func *
<do something in Vim>
<quit Vim>

Vim keeps the profiling information in memory and only writes it out to the logfile on exit. (Neovim has fixed this using :profile dump).

Have a look at /tmp/profile.log. All code that was executed during profiling will be shown. Every line, how often it was executed and how much time it took.

Most of the time that will be plugin code the user isn't familiar with, but if you're investigating a certain issue, jump to the bottom of the log. Here are two different sections FUNCTIONS SORTED ON TOTAL TIME and FUNCTIONS SORTED ON SELF TIME that are worth gold. On a quick glance you can see, if a certain function is taking too long.

Verbosity

Another useful way for observing what Vim is currently doing is increasing the verbosity level. Currently Vim supports 9 different levels. See :h 'verbose' for the full list.

:e /tmp/foo
:set verbose=2
:w
:set verbose=0

This would show all the files that get sourced, e.g. the undo file or various plugins that act on saving.

If you only want increase verbosity for a single command, there's also :verbose, which simply gets put in front of any other command. It takes the verbosity level as count and defaults to 1:

:verb set verbose
"  verbose=1
:10verb set verbose
"  verbose=10

It's very often used with its default verbosity level 1 to show where an option was set last:

:verb set ai?
"      Last set from ~/.vim/vimrc

Naturally, the higher the verbosity level the more overwhelming the output. But fear no more, you can simply redirect the output to a file:

:set verbosefile=/tmp/foo | 15verbose echo "foo" | vsplit /tmp/foo

Debugging Vim scripts

If you ever used a command-line debugger before, :debug will quickly feel familiar.

Simply prepend :debug to any other command and you'll be put into debug mode. That is, the execution will stop at the first line about to be executed and that line will be displayed.

See :h >cont and below for the 6 available debugger commands and note that, like in gdb and similar debuggers, you can also use their short forms, that is c, q, n, s, i, and f.

Apart from that those, you're free to use any Vim command, e.g. :echo myvar, which gets executed in the context of the current position in the code.

You basically get a REPL by simply using :debug 1.

It would be a pain if you had to single-step through every single line, so of course we can define breakpoints, too. (Breakpoints are called breakpoints, because the execution stops when they're hit, thus you can simply skip code you're not interested in.) See :h :breakadd, :h :breakdel, and :h :breaklist for further details.

Let's assume you want to know what code is run every time you save a file:

:au BufWritePost
" signify  BufWritePost
"     *         call sy#start()
:breakadd func *start
:w
" Breakpoint in "sy#start" line 1
" Entering Debug mode.  Type "cont" to continue.
" function sy#start
" line 1: if g:signify_locked
>s
" function sy#start
" line 3: endif
>
" function sy#start
" line 5: let sy_path = resolve(expand('%:p'))
>q
:breakdel *

As you can see, using <cr> will repeat the previous debugger command, s in this case.

:debug can be used in combination with the verbose option.

Debugging syntax files

Syntax files are often the cause for slowdowns due to wrong and/or complex regular expressions. If the +profile feature is compiled in, Vim provides the super useful :syntime command.

:syntime on
" hit <c-l> a few times to redraw the window which causes the syntax rules to get applied again
:syntime off
:syntime report

The output contains important metrics. E.g. you can see which regexp takes too long and should be optimized or which regexps are used all the time but never even match.

See :h :syntime.

Miscellaneous

Additional resources

Resource Description
Seven habits of effective text editing By Bram Moolenaar, the author of Vim.
Seven habits of effective text editing 2.0 (PDF) See above.
IBM DeveloperWorks: Scripting the Vim editor Five-part series on Vim scripting.
Learn Vimscript the Hard Way Develop a Vim plugin from scratch.
Practical Vim (2nd Edition) Hands down the best book about Vim.
Vimcasts.org Vim screencasts.
Your problem with Vim is that you don't grok vi Concise, informative and correct. A real gem.

Vim distributions

Vim distributions are Vim + custom settings + custom plugins from certain authors and are therefore very opinionated.

The problem with such distributions is that they tend to be used by beginners. (More advanced users know how to choose their own plugins and settings after all.) It all goes good until an issue appears. Now where is the problem? The beginner doesn't know what to do and asks for advice on the internet. After long back and forth they figure out that the problem was a weird mapping provided by the distro. But the beginner thought it was a default Vim mapping... Time was wasted, everyone is pissed.

I don't have problems with distributions per se, but please, if you don't understand exactly what they're doing, don't try to get help from others in case of emergencies.

I know that many people don't want to spend hours and hours on customizing an editor (and actually you never stop customizing your vimrc when you finally got hooked), but in the long-term it's much better and more time-efficient to learn how to do stuff manually in the first place.

Repeat after me: "A programmer should know their tools."

Anyway, if you know what you're doing, you might get some inspiration from looking at some distributions:

Easter eggs

Command Message
:Ni! Do you demand a shrubbery?
:h 'sm' NOTE: Use of the short form is rated PG.
:h 42 What is the meaning of life, the universe and everything? Douglas Adams, the only person who knew what this question really was about is now dead, unfortunately. So now you might wonder what the meaning of death is...
:h UserGettingBored When the user presses the same key 42 times. Just kidding! :-)
:h bar Ceci n'est pas une pipe.
:h holy-grail You found it, Arthur!
:h map-modes :nunmap can also be used outside of a monastery.
:help! E478: Don't panic! (Glitch? When used in a help buffer (buftype=help) this works like :h help.txt instead.)
:smile Try it out yourself. ;-) Added in 7.4.1005.

Why hjkl for navigation?

When Bill Joy created vi, a predecessor of Vim, he did it on a ADM-3A which had no extra cursor buttons but used, you might already guessed it, hjkl instead.

Keyboard layout: click

This also shows why ~ is used to denote the home directory on Unix systems.

Quirks

Editing small files is slow

Most of the time this is caused by syntax files using complex regular expressions. Particulay the Ruby syntax file caused people to have slowdowns in the past. (Also see Debugging syntax files.)

Moreover, some features tend to impact performance more than others. Check this list to ease slowdowns:

Option Why?
:set nocursorline This makes screen redrawing quite a bit slower.
:set norelativenumber Constantly computing the relative numbers is expensive.
:set foldmethod=marker If the syntax file itself is slow already, foldmethod=syntax makes it even worse.
:set synmaxcol=200 Due to internal representation, Vim has problems with long lines in general. Only syntax highlight till column 200.
:NoMatchParen Uses regular expressions to find the accompanying parenthesis.

Editing huge files is slow

The biggest issue with big files is, that Vim reads the whole file at once. This is done due to how buffers are represented internally. (Discussion on vim_dev@)

If you only want to read, tail hugefile | vim - is a good workaround.

If you can live without syntax, settings and plugins for the moment:

$ vim -u NONE -N

This should make navigation quite a lot faster, especially since no expensive regular expressions for syntax highlighting are used. You should also tell Vim not to use swapfiles and viminfo files to avoid long delays on writing:

$ vim -n -u NONE -i NONE -N

Putting it in a nutshell, try to avoid using Vim when intending to write really huge files. :\

Newline used for NUL

NUL characters (\0) in a file, are stored as newline (\n) in memory and displayed in a buffer as ^@.

See man 7 ascii and :h NL-used-for-Nul for more information.

Bracketed paste (or why do I have to set 'paste' all the time?)

Bracketed paste mode allows terminal emulators to distinguish between typed text and pasted text.

Did you ever tried pasting code into Vim and afterwards everything seemed messed up?

This only happens if you paste via cmd+v, shift-insert, middle-click etc. because then you're just throwing text at the terminal emulator. Vim doesn't know that you just pasted the text, it thinks you're an extremely fast typist. Accordingly it tries to indent the lines and fails.

Obviously this is not an issue, if you paste using Vim's registers, e.g. "+p, because then Vim knows that you're actually pasting.

To workaround this, you have to :set paste, so it gets pasted as-is. See :h 'paste' and :h 'pastetoggle'.

If you're fed up with toggling 'paste' all the time, have a look at this fine plugin that does it for you: bracketed-paste.

Additional read from the same author as the plugin: here.

Neovim: Neovim tries to make all of this much more seemless and sets bracketed paste mode automatically if the terminal emulator supports it.

Delays when using escape key in terminal

If you live in the command-line, you probably use a so-called terminal emulator like xterm, gnome-terminanal, iTerm2, etc. (opposed to a real terminal).

Like their ancestors, terminal emulators use escape sequences (or control sequences) to control things like moving the cursor, changing text colors, etc. They're simply strings of ASCII characters starting with an escape character (displayed in caret notation as ^[). When such a string arrives, the terminal emulator looks up the accompanying action in the terminfo database.

To make the problem clearer, I'll explain mapping timeouts first. They always happen when there's ambiguity between mappings:

:nnoremap ,a  :echo 'foo'<cr>
:nnoremap ,ab :echo 'bar'<cr>

Both mappings work as expected, but when typing ,a, there will be a delay of 1 second, because Vim waits whether the user keys in another b or not.

Escape sequences pose the same problem:

  • <esc> is used a lot for returning to normal mode or quitting an action.
  • Cursor keys are encoded using escape sequences.
  • Vim expects Alt (also called Meta key) to send a proper 8-bit encoding with the high bit set, but many terminal emulators don't support it (or don't enable it by default) and send an escape sequence instead.

You can test the above like this: vim -u NONE -N and type i<c-v><left> and you'll see a sequence inserted that starts with ^[ which denotes the escape character.

Putting it in a nutshell, Vim has a hard time distinguishing between a typed <esc> character and a proper escape sequence.

By default Vim uses :set timeout timeoutlen=1000, so it delays on ambiguity of mappings and key codes by 1 second. This is a sane value for mappings, but you can define the key code timeout on its own which is the most common workaround for this entire issue:

set timeout           " for mappings
set timeoutlen=1000   " default value
set ttimeout          " for key codes
set ttimeoutlen=10    " unnoticeable small value

Under :h ttimeout you find a small table showing the relationship between these options.

If you're using tmux between Vim and your terminal emulator, also put this in your ~/.tmux.conf:

set -sg escape-time 0

List of colorschemes

Here's a list of commonly used colorschemes:

List of plugins

Alignment

Code completion

Commenters

Delimiter

Fuzzy finders

Grep tools

  • ack
  • ag
  • grepper (tries to supercede all other grep plugins :-))

Navigation

Also see fuzzy finders.

Statusline

Taking notes

Tmux

Undo history

Version control

Misc

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